Compsoneura nallarettiana (Myristicaceae), a new species from north-western Peru

Proporciona información sobre las miristicáceas, una familia de árboles, arbustos y trepadoras que comprende 21 géneros y más de 500 especies. Aunque la familia tiene una amplia distribución pantropical, la mayoría de las especies se encuentran en las selvas tropicales de tierras bajas. En el Neotrópico, se han descrito 83 especies de Myristicaceae en cinco géneros. Compsoneura es un género que incluye árboles de tamaño medio a grande distribuidos desde el sureste de México hasta el noroeste de Sudamérica, pasando por Centroamérica. El artículo describe una nueva especie de Compsoneura, Compsoneura nallarettiana que es similar a C. diazii pero difiere de ella en sus venas secundarias débilmente broquidódromas con el ápice de la hoja con forma acuminada a brevemente acuminada y fruto sésil. El artículo ofrece descripciones detalladas de la morfología de la nueva especie y de su estado de conservación.Revisión por pares

Taller tributario y su incidencia en el pago del impuesto a la renta por arrendamiento de inmuebles, urbanización Monserrate, I Etapa, Trujillo, 2021

La presente tesis tiene como objetivo determinar si la aplicación de un taller tributario incide en el conocimiento de pago del impuesto a la renta por arrendamiento de inmuebles, urbanización Monserrate I etapa, Trujillo, periodo 2021. El tipo de investigación es aplicada, utilizando la metodología descriptiva. La investigación tuvo como muestra 46 propietarios de la urbanización Monserrate, y mediante el uso del muestreo aleatorio simple, se asignaron 20 arrendadores como muestra piloto los cuales arriendan sus inmuebles. Los resultados obtenidos a través del programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) versión 26, se obtuvo como resultado que antes de aplicar el taller tributario, pre-test el nivel de conocimiento de los arrendadores, en la tabla 2, se presentó que su significación asintótica (bilateral) fue 0,395, siendo superior al nivel de significancia de 0,05, por tal motivo se determina que sin la aplicación de un taller tributario no contribuye al conocimiento de pago del impuesto a la renta por arrendamiento de inmueble de los arrendatarios de la urbanización Monserrate. Por otra parte, con la aplicación del taller tributario como resultado en el post – test se determinó que el nivel de significancia es menor que 0,005 ;(0,000 < 0,05) donde rechazamos la hipótesis nula y aceptamos la hipótesis alternativa. Por ello se concluye que es necesario la aplicación de un taller tributario dado que permite a que todo arrendador tenga un proceso de conocimiento de pago del impuesto a la renta de primera categoría por arrendamiento de inmueble.The objective of this thesis is to determine if the application of a tax workshop affects the knowledge of payment of income tax for real estate lease, urbanization Monserrate I stage, Trujillo, period 2021. The type of research is applied, using the methodology descriptive the research had as a sample 46 owners of the Monserrate urbanization, and through the use of simple random sampling, 20 landlords were assigned as a pilot sample who lease their properties. The results obtained through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 program, were obtained as a result that before applying the tax workshop, pre-test the level of knowledge of the lessors, in table 2, it was presented that their asymptotic significance (bilateral) was 0.395, being higher than the significance level of 0.05, for this reason it is determined that without the application of a tax workshop, it does not contribute to the knowledge of payment of the income tax for the lease of the property of the tenants from the Monserrate urbanization. On the other hand, with the application of the tax workshop as a result in the post - test, it is concluded that the level of significance is less than 0.005; (0.000 < 0.05) where we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. For this reason, it is concluded that the application of a tax workshop is necessary since it allows all lessors to have a process of knowing the payment of the first category income tax for property lease.Tesi

Guía para la identificación de las especies de cumala colorada (Iryanthera Warb., Myristicaceae) de la Amazonía peruana

Las especies de Iryanthera (Myristicaceae) son importantes ecológica y económicamente; y las claves para su identificación están elaboradas solamente con caracteres reproductivos (flores y frutos); por lo cual, los objetivos de la presente investigación fueron: elaborar una clave para la identificación de las 14 especies de Iryanthera de la Amazonía peruana sin características reproductivas y confeccionar un catalogado fotográficamente a nueve especies de Iryanthera. La fuente de datos está basada 809 especímenes, 241 muestreos en 100 parcelas de (76 de 0,1 ha y 24 de 0,05 ha); 543 en muestras de Herbarios (AMAZ, HH, MOL y USM) y 25 muestras de árboles independientes de los títulos habilitantes. Se midió 31 características de las hojas. Se ha logrado realizar una clave para la identificación de las especies de Iryanthera de la Amazonía peruana y además se incluyen fotografías para una mejor ayuda en la identificación. Casi todas las especies de Iryanthera se pueden identificar sin flores o frutos, pero al menos existen las siguientes especies que no es factible identificar con características foliares: Iryanthera paraensis e Iryanthera hostmannii; e Iryanthera lancifolia e Iryanthera paradoxa; falta mayor investigación para la identificación de estas especies de Iryanthera

SARS-COVID-19 antibodies in pregnant women at a level III hospital in Peru

Introducción. La enfermedad de COVID-19 se propaga rápidamente. Se desconoce la seroprevalencia en mujeres embarazadas que ingresan a hospitalización y sus características propias en este tipo de población en Perú. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia y características clínico-epidemiológicas de gestantes con anticuerpos anti-SARS-CoV-2 en un hospital nivel III de Perú. Métodos. Estudio observacional de tipo transversal, realizado en el Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal de Perú, entre el 15 de abril y 15 de mayo de 2020. Participaron todas las gestantes que ingresaron a hospitalización y fueron tamizadas para la infección por SARS-CoV-2 mediante pruebas serológicas, cuyos resultados fueron analizados conjuntamente con sus características clínicas y epidemiológicas, utilizando estadígrafos descriptivos e intervalos de confianza al 95%, y mediante la prueba de independencia de chi cuadrado con una significancia de 0,05

Sixty-four new records for the flora of Peru from rapid biological inventories in the Peruvian Amazon

Durante el período 2000 – 2016, se llevaron a cabo 15 inventarios biológicos en áreas remotas en el pie de monte andino y el llano amazónico del Perú. En estos inventarios, 27 botánicos colectaron un total de 9397 especímenes de plantas vasculares fértiles. Hasta finales del 2017, más de la mitad de estos especímenes se han identificado a nivel de especie, de los cuales 64 especies y 2 géneros (Dicorynia y Monopteryx) representan nuevos registros para la flora del Perú. Si esta tasa de novedades se mantiene, el número de registros nuevos en el material de los inventarios podría aumentar, lo cual nos indica que aún queda mucho por descubrir en la flora andino-amazónica del Perú.Between 2000 and 2016 we carried out 15 rapid biological inventories in remote areas of the Andean foothills and Amazon basin in Peru. During these inventories, 27 botanists collected 9397 fertile vascular plant specimens. By the end of 2017, more than half of these specimens had been identified to species. Of the 2303 species identified to date, 64 species and 2 genera (Dicorynia and Monopteryx) are new records for the flora of Peru. If this rate of discovery proves typical, the number of new records for Peru in the rapid inventory material could increase, which indicates that there is still much to discover in the Peruvian flora

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-MAim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species

Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict thatmost of the world’s >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century

Local hydrological conditions influence tree diversity and composition across the Amazon basin

Tree diversity and composition in Amazonia are known to be strongly determined by the water supplied by precipitation. Nevertheless, within the same climatic regime, water availability is modulated by local topography and soil characteristics (hereafter referred to as local hydrological conditions), varying from saturated and poorly drained to well-drained and potentially dry areas. While these conditions may be expected to influence species distribution, the impacts of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity and composition remain poorly understood at the whole Amazon basin scale. Using a dataset of 443 1-ha non-flooded forest plots distributed across the basin, we investigate how local hydrological conditions influence 1) tree alpha diversity, 2) the community-weighted wood density mean (CWM-wd) – a proxy for hydraulic resistance and 3) tree species composition. We find that the effect of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity depends on climate, being more evident in wetter forests, where diversity increases towards locations with well-drained soils. CWM-wd increased towards better drained soils in Southern and Western Amazonia. Tree species composition changed along local soil hydrological gradients in Central-Eastern, Western and Southern Amazonia, and those changes were correlated with changes in the mean wood density of plots. Our results suggest that local hydrological gradients filter species, influencing the diversity and composition of Amazonian forests. Overall, this study shows that the effect of local hydrological conditions is pervasive, extending over wide Amazonian regions, and reinforces the importance of accounting for local topography and hydrology to better understand the likely response and resilience of forests to increased frequency of extreme climate events and rising temperatures

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types