Differential Effects of Whole Red Raspberry Polyphenols and Their Gut Metabolite Urolithin A on Neuroinflammation in BV-2 Microglia

Whole red raspberry polyphenols (RRW), including ellagic acid, and their gut-derived metabolite, urolithin A (UroA), attenuate inflammation and confer health benefits. Although results from recent studies indicate that polyphenols and UroA also provide neuroprotective effects, these compounds differ in their bioavailability and may, therefore, have unique effects on limiting neuroinflammation. Accordingly, we aimed to compare the neuroprotective effects of RRW and UroA on BV-2 microglia under both 3 h and 12 and 24 h inflammatory conditions. In inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ATP stimulation after 3 h, RRW and UroA suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression and regulated the JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway. UroA also reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression and promoted M2 microglial polarization. During inflammatory conditions induced by either 12 or 24 h stimulation with LPS, UroA—but not RRW—dampened pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression and suppressed JNK/c-Jun signaling. Taken together, these results demonstrate that RRW and its gut-derived metabolite UroA differentially regulate neuroprotective responses in microglia during 3 h versus 12 and 24 h inflammatory conditions

Measurement of the F2 structure function in deep inelastic e+^{+}p scattering using 1994 data from the ZEUS detector at HERA

We present measurements of the structure function \Ft\ in e^+p scattering at HERA in the range 3.5\;\Gevsq < \qsd < 5000\;\Gevsq. A new reconstruction method has allowed a significant improvement in the resolution of the kinematic variables and an extension of the kinematic region covered by the experiment. At \qsd < 35 \;\Gevsq the range in x now spans 6.3\cdot 10^{-5} < x < 0.08 providing overlap with measurements from fixed target experiments. At values of Q^2 above 1000 GeV^2 the x range extends to 0.5. Systematic errors below 5\perc\ have been achieved for most of the kinematic urray, W

Measurement of Elastic ϕ\phi Photoproduction at HERA

The production of $\phi$ mesons in the reaction $e^{+}p \rightarrow e^{+} \phi p$ ($\phi \rightarrow K^{+}K^{-}$) at a median $Q^{2}$ of $10^{-4} \ \rm{GeV^2}$has been studied with the ZEUS detector at HERA. The differential$\phi$photoproduction cross section$d\sigma/dt$has an exponential shape and has been determined in the kinematic range$0.1<|t|<0.5 \ \rm{GeV^2}$and$60 < W < 80 \ \rm{GeV}$. An integrated cross section of$\sigma_{\gamma p \rightarrow \phi p} = 0.96 \pm 0.19^{+0.21}_{-0.18}$$\rm{\mu b}$has been obtained by extrapolating to {\it t} = 0. When compared to lower energy data, the results show a weak energy dependence of both$\sigma_{\gamma p \rightarrow \phi p}$and the slope of the$t$distribution. The$\phi$decay angular distributions are consistent with$s$-channel helicity conservation. From lower energies to HERA energies, the features of$\phi$ photoproduction are compatible with those of a soft diffractive process.Comment: 23 pages, including 6 post script figure

Measurement of the reaction gamma*p-&gt;phi p in deep, inelastic e(+)p scattering at HERA

The production of phi mesons in the reaction e(+)p --> e(+)phi p (phi --> K+K-), for 7 phi p cross section rises strongly with W. This behaviour is similar to that previously found for the gamma*p --> rho(0)p cross section. This strong dependence cannot be explained by production through soft pomeron exchange, It is, however, consistent with perturbative QCD expectations, where it reflects the rise of the gluon momentum density in the proton at small x. The ratio of sigma(phi)/sigma(rho(0)), which has previously been determined by ZEUS to be 0.065 +/- 0.013 (stat.) in photoproduction at a mean W of 70 GeV, is measured to be 0.18 +/- 0.05 (stat.) +/- 0.03 (syst.) at a mean Q(2) of 12.3 GeV2 and mean W of approximate to 100 GeV and is thus approaching at large Q(2) the value of 2/9 predicted from the quark charges of the vector mesons and a flavour independent production mechanism

Differential Effects of Whole Red Raspberry Polyphenols and Their Gut Metabolite Urolithin A on Neuroinflammation in BV-2 Microglia

Whole red raspberry polyphenols (RRW), including ellagic acid, and their gut-derived metabolite, urolithin A (UroA), attenuate inflammation and confer health benefits. Although results from recent studies indicate that polyphenols and UroA also provide neuroprotective effects, these compounds differ in their bioavailability and may, therefore, have unique effects on limiting neuroinflammation. Accordingly, we aimed to compare the neuroprotective effects of RRW and UroA on BV-2 microglia under both 3 h and 12 and 24 h inflammatory conditions. In inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ATP stimulation after 3 h, RRW and UroA suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression and regulated the JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway. UroA also reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression and promoted M2 microglial polarization. During inflammatory conditions induced by either 12 or 24 h stimulation with LPS, UroA—but not RRW—dampened pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression and suppressed JNK/c-Jun signaling. Taken together, these results demonstrate that RRW and its gut-derived metabolite UroA differentially regulate neuroprotective responses in microglia during 3 h versus 12 and 24 h inflammatory conditions

Measurement of elastic phi photoproduction at HERA

The production of phi mesons in the reaction e(+)p --> e(+)phi p (phi --> K+K-) at a median Q(2) of 10(-4) GeV2 has been studied with the ZEUS detector at HERA. The differential phi photoproduction cross section d sigma/dt has an exponential shape and has been determined in the kinematic range 0.1 phi p) = 0.96+/-0.19(-0.18)(+0.21) mu b has been obtained by extrapolating to t = 0. When compared to lower energy data, the results show a weak energy dependence of both sigma(gamma-->phi p) and the slope of the t distribution. The phi decay angular distributions are consistent with s-channel helicity conservation. From lower energies to HERA energies, the features of phi photoproduction are compatible with those of a soft diffractive process

Measurement of elastic phi photoproduction at HERA

The production of phi mesons in the reaction e(+)p --> e(+)phi p (phi --> K+K-) at a median Q(2) of 10(-4) GeV2 has been studied with the ZEUS detector at HERA. The differential phi photoproduction cross section d sigma/dt has an exponential shape and has been determined in the kinematic range 0.1 phi p) = 0.96+/-0.19(-0.18)(+0.21) mu b has been obtained by extrapolating to t = 0. When compared to lower energy data, the results show a weak energy dependence of both sigma(gamma-->phi p) and the slope of the t distribution. The phi decay angular distributions are consistent with s-channel helicity conservation. From lower energies to HERA energies, the features of phi photoproduction are compatible with those of a soft diffractive process

Measurement of the diffractive cross-section in deep inelastic scattering

Diffractive scattering of $\gamma^* p \to X + N$, where $N$ is either a proton or a nucleonic system with $M_N~<~4$~GeV has been measured in deep inelastic scattering (DIS) at HERA. The cross section was determined by a novel method as a function of the $\gamma^* p$ c.m. energy $W$ between 60 and 245~GeV and of the mass $M_X$ of the system $X$ up to 15~GeV at average $Q^2$ values of 14 and 31~GeV$^2$. The diffractive cross section $d\sigma^{diff} /dM_X$ is, within errors, found to rise linearly with $W$. Parameterizing the $W$ dependence by the form d\sigma^{diff}/dM_X \propto (W^2)^{(2\overline{\mbox{\alpha_{_{I\hspace{-0.2em}P}}}} -2)} the DIS data yield for the pomeron trajectory \overline{\mbox{\alpha_{_{I\hspace{-0.2em}P}}}} = 1.23 \pm 0.02(stat) \pm 0.04 (syst) averaged over $t$ in the measured kinematic range assuming the longitudinal photon contribution to be zero. This value for the pomeron trajectory is substantially larger than \overline{\mbox{\alpha_{_{I\hspace{-0.2em}P}}}} extracted from soft interactions. The value of \overline{\mbox{\alpha_{_{I\hspace{-0.2em}P}}}} measured in this analysis suggests that a substantial part of the diffractive DIS cross section originates from processes which can be described by perturbative QCD. From the measured diffractive cross sections the diffractive structure function of the proton F^{D(3)}_2(\beta,Q^2, \mbox{x_{_{I\hspace{-0.2em}P}}}) has been determined, where $\beta$ is the momentum fraction of the struck quark in the pomeron. The form F^{D(3)}_2 = constant \cdot (1/ \mbox{x_{_{I\hspace{-0.2em}P}}})^a gives a good fit to the data in all $\beta$ and $Q^2$ intervals with $a = 1.46 \pm 0.04 (stat) \pmComment: 45 pages, including 16 figure

Study of charged-current ep interactions at Q(2)&gt;200 GeV2 with the ZEUS detector at HERA

Deep inelastic charged-current reactions have been studied in e+p and e-p collisions at a center of mass energy of about 300GeV in the kinematic region Q2&gt;200GeV2 and x&gt;0.006 using the ZEUS detector at HERA. The integrated cross sections for Q2&gt;200GeV2 are found to be {Mathematical expression} and {Mathematical expression}. Differential cross sections have been measured as functions of the variables x, y and Q2. From the measured differential cross sections dσ/dQ2, the W boson mass is determined to be {Mathematical expression}. Measured jet rates and transverse energy profiles agree with model predictions. A search for charged-current interactions with a large rapidity gap yielded one candidate event, corresponding to a cross section of {Mathematical expression} © 1996 Springer-Verlag