Status of Measurements and Interpretation of Total Real and Virtual Photon-Proton Cross Sections

The status of measurements and interpretation of the proton structure function F2 is summarized. The measurements are subjected to DGLAP fits, from which the gluon density is extracted and a comparison to measurements of F2c is performed. The longitudinal structure function, FL, is extracted via an extrapolation of F2. At low Q2, the transition from virtual to real photon exchange is studied.Comment: Contributed to the proceedings of the EDS99 Conference, Protvino, Russia, June 28-July 2, 1999. 10 pages including 8 figure

Explaining regionalization of trade in Asia Pacific: A transaction cost approach

Recent investigations on the regional distribution of trade flows in the Asia Pacific area suggest that some countries have developed strong bilateral trade links, while others obviously tend to be more closely linked towards trading partners outside the Asia Pacific area (Amelung (1990)). Moreover, empirical findings indicate that there are groups (clusters) of countries in the Asia Pacific area which - in relative terms - trade more intensively with the members of their group than with other countries of this area or the world. For instance, in the eighties there was a clear separation between a South East Asian group of trading partners comprising Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand and a group of North East Asian countries encompassing Korea, Taiwan, Japan, China, Hong Kong and the USA as a non-Asian nation. However, the cluster analysis does not explain why this pattern of regionalization emerges. In economic theory the regionalization of trade flows has been attributed to the. discrimination of countries through legal (El-Agraa (1988), Nienhaus (1987), p. 84) and natural trade barriers (Langhammer (1983), Deardorff (1987)). Following Viner's custom unions theory (Viner (1950)) a group of countries can negotiate preferential ?tariff treatment for their members, thus discriminating against non-member countries. Given such an institutional arrangement regional trade is expected to rise as a consequence of trade creation and trade diversion. Moreover, regionalization of trade flows can be enhanced by differences in transport costs resulting from the spatial remoteness of trading partners. As Deardorff shows, these differentials may affect both the direction and the composition of trade, since they constitute natural trade barriers.

Economic regions in Asia Pacific: An exercise in regional delimitation

The export oriented economies in East and Southeast Asia have formed one of the most vibrant regions in the world. Due to their openness they have enjoyed increasing shares in world trade. Concomitant with their integration into the world market, the countries of the region have developed closer economic relations in terms of trade links and financial interdependence among each other. Especially, the governments of the ASEAN countries are pursuing a strategy of explicitly encouraging the exchange of goods and factors of production by extending regional trade preferences to each other as well as through other measures of industrial and financial cooperation (See Devan, 1987; Hiemenz, Naya, 1985; Amelung, 1989). For some ASEAN members, however, bilateral economic relations with non-member countries such as the USA, Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong and South Korea have still remained more important than those within the ASEAN group.

On the Correlation between Globalization and Vulnerability in Times of Economic Crisis — A Statistical Analysis for Europe

In this paper, we test the hypothesis that more globalized countries in Europe are equally vulnerable to the current crisis as less globalized European countries. To determine the level of globalization, we use the Maastricht Globalization Index (MGI). We measure the severity of the economic crisis with five key economic indicators. The results seem to suggest that the rising level of globalization increases vulnerability to economic crises on the one hand, while, on the other, higher levels of globalization increase the opportunities to deal with a crisi

The impact of steel protection in industrialized countries on Brazil's export capacity

Since the beginning of the 1970s most industrialized countries have been facing serious structural adjustment problems in the steel sector, which can be attributed mainly to two reasons. On the one hand, declining demand in industrialized countries caused overcapacities in their domestic production, while, on the other hand, NICs began to catch up in heavy industries, thus steadily penetrating the world steel market, which increasingly became a buyers' market . The immediate response of the industrialized nations was a new wave of protectionism and subsidization, as in all instances questions of national interests and politics were involved. However, in the case of the steel crisis these measures were not only applied with respect to declining industries, as they persist in industrialized countries. Following the infant industry argument, governments in NICs rendered considerable support to their steel industries.

An Efficient Polyphase Filter Based Resampling Method for Unifying the PRFs in SAR Data

Variable and higher pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs) are increasingly being used to meet the stricter requirements and complexities of current airborne and spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems associated with higher resolution and wider area products. POLYPHASE, the proposed resampling scheme, downsamples and unifies variable PRFs within a single look complex (SLC) SAR acquisition and across a repeat pass sequence of acquisitions down to an effective lower PRF. A sparsity condition of the received SAR data ensures that the uniformly resampled data approximates the spectral properties of a decimated densely sampled version of the received SAR data. While experiments conducted with both synthetically generated and real airborne SAR data show that POLYPHASE retains comparable performance to the state-of-the-art BLUI scheme in image quality, a polyphase filter-based implementation of POLYPHASE offers significant computational savings for arbitrary (not necessarily periodic) input PRF variations, thus allowing fully on-board, in-place, and real-time implementation