28 research outputs found
Relationships between internal and external handcycle training load in people with spinal cord injury training for the handbikebattle
Objective: To establish the relationship between internal and external handcycling training load for monitoring training in people with paraplegia.
Design: Observational study.
Subjects: Ten people with paraplegia.
Methods: All participants performed a graded peak exercise test. Power output and heart rate (HR) were measured and the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) was determined during a 12-week training
period. Training Stress Score (TSS) was calculated from power output data, and TRaining IMPuls (TRIMP) was determined, based on HR, HRzones and sRPE. Partial correlations (for all training sessions of
all participants) and Pearson’s correlations (for all training sessions of an individual participant) were performed to determine the relationship between external (TSS) and internal (TRIMPHR, TRIMPHRzones and TRIMPsRPE) training loads.
Results: Partial correlations between measures of internal and external loads (r = 0.81–0.85) and correlations between TRIMPsRPE and TRIMP scores based on HR (r = 0.77–0.78) were very large. At the individual level, Pearson’s correlations varied from moderate (r=0.48) to nearly perfect (r = 0.99).
Conclusion: TRIMPsRPE and TRIMPHR showed very large correlations with external training load, and thus appear appropriate for use in monitoring handcycling training load in people with paraplegia. However, it is recommended that both measures are used in combination, when possible, since some individuals
showed weaker relationships
The influence of protocol design on the identification of ventilatory thresholds and the attainment of peak physiological responses during synchronous arm crank ergometry in able-bodied participants
Purpose To examine the effects of stage duration on power output (PO), oxygen uptake (VO2), and heart rate (HR) at peak level and ventilatory thresholds during synchronous arm crank ergometry. Methods Nineteen healthy participants completed a ramp, 1-min stepwise, and 3-min stepwise graded arm crank exercise test. PO, VO2, and HR at the first and second ventilatory threshold (VT1, VT2) and peak level were compared among the protocols: a repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to test for systematic differences, while intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots were calculated to determine relative and absolute agreement. Results Systematic differences among the protocols were found for PO at VT1, VT2, and peak level. At peak level, PO differed significantly among all protocols (ramp: 115 +/- 37 W; 1-min stepwise: 108 +/- 34 W; 3-min stepwise: 94 +/- 31 W, p Conclusions PO at VTs and peak level was significantly higher in short-stage protocols compared with the 3-min stepwise protocol, whereas HR and VO2 showed no differences. Therefore, training zones based on PO determined in short-stage protocols might give an overestimation. Moreover, due to large random error in HR at VTs between the protocols, it is recommended that different protocols should not be used interchangeably within individuals
Further evidence for a merger in Abell 2218 from an XMM-Newton observation
(Abridged) The galaxy cluster Abell 2218, at z=0.171, is well-known for the
discrepancy between mass estimates derived from X-ray and strong lensing
analyses. With the present XMM observation, we trace the gas density and
temperature profiles out to a radius of ~ 1400 h_70^-1 kpc (approximately the
virial radius of the cluster). The surface brightness profile is well fitted
over three orders of magnitude with a beta model, with a core radius of 0.'95
and \beta=0.63. The projected temperature profile declines steeply with radius
(by ~50%), and is well described by a polytrope with parameters t_0=8.09 keV
and \gamma=1.15. The temperature map shows a pronounced peak in the central
arcminute, with an increase of a factor of two (from ~5 to ~10 keV). The mass
profile, calculated assuming hydrostatic equilibrium and spherical symmetry, is
best fitted with a King approximation to an isothermal sphere, implying a dark
matter distribution with a central core, in contrast with the cusped cores
found in more obviously relaxed clusters. The X-ray mass is two times less than
the strong lensing mass at r ~ 80 h_50^-1 kpc, although the agreement between
X-ray and weak lensing mass measurements at larger radius (r ~ 400 h_50^-1 kpc)
is slightly better. While the X-ray total mass estimates can vary by 30%
depending on the mass model, all measurements are lower than the corresponding
total mass from optical measurements. Given the X-ray results indicating
disturbance of the intracluster gas, leading to a likely violation of the
assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium, and the observed substructure in the
optical, suggesting a line-of-sight merger, it is unlikely that the different
mass estimates of this cluster can be reconciled, at least with standard
modelling assumptions.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures; to appear in A&
Relationship between internal and external handcycle training load in people with spinal cord injury training for the handbikebattle
Objective: To establish the relationship between internal and external handcycling training load for monitoring training in people with paraplegia. Design: Observational study. Subjects: Ten people with paraplegia. Methods: All participants performed a graded peak exercise test. Power output and heart rate (HR) were measured and the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) was determined during a 12-week training period. Training Stress Score (TSS) was calculated from power output data, and TRaining IMPuls (TRIMP) was determined, based on HR, HRzones and sRPE. Partial correlations (for all training sessions of all participants) and Pearson's correlations (for all training sessions of an individual participant) were performed to determine the relationship between external (TSS) and internal (TRIMPHR, TRIMPHRzones and TRIMPsRPE) training loads. Results: Partial correlations between measures of internal and external loads (r=0.81-0.85) and correlations between TRIMPsRPE and TRIMP scores based on HR (r=0.77-0.78) were very large. At the Individual level, Pearson's correlations varied from moderate (r=0.48) to nearly perfect (r=0.99). Conclusion: TRIMP(sRPE )and TRIMPHR showed very large correlations with external training load, and thus appear appropriate for use in monitoring handcycling training load in people with paraplegia. However, it is recommended that both measures are used in combination, when possible, since some individuals showed weaker relationships
The mass profile of A1413 observed with XMM-Newton: implications for the M-T relation
We present an XMM-Newton observation of A1413, a hot (kT = 6.5 keV) galaxy
cluster at z=0.143. We construct gas and temperature profiles up to ~1700 kpc,
equivalent to ~0.7 r_200. The gas distribution is well described by a beta
model in the outer regions, but is more concentrated in the inner ~250 kpc. We
introduce a new parameterisation for the inner regions, allowing a steeper gas
density distribution. The projected radial temperature profile declines
gradually towards the outer regions, by ~20% between 0.1 r_200 and 0.5 r_200,
and is well described by a polytropic model with gamma = 1.07+/-0.01. We find
that neither projection nor PSF effects change substantially the form of the
temperature profile. Assuming hydrostatic equilibrium (HE) and spherical
symmetry, we use the observed temperature profile and the new parametric form
for the gas density profile to produce the total mass distribution. The mass
profile is remarkably well fitted with the Moore et al. (1999) parameterisation
with a concentration parameter in the range expected from numerical
simulations. There are several indications that beyond a density contrast delta
\~600, the gas may no longer be in HE. There is an offset with respect to
adiabatic numerical simulations in the virialised part of the cluster, in that
the predicted mass for the cluster temperature is ~40% too high. The gas
distribution is peaked in the centre primarily as a result of the cusp in the
dark matter profile. The X-ray gas to total mass ratio rises with increasing
radius to f_gas ~ 0.2. These data strongly support the validity of the current
approach for the modelling of the dark matter collapse, but confirm that
understanding the gas specific physics is essential. (Abridged)Comment: To appear in A&
Planck 2013 results. XX. Cosmology from Sunyaev-Zeldovich cluster counts
We present constraints on cosmological parameters using number counts as a
function of redshift for a sub-sample of 189 galaxy clusters from the Planck SZ
(PSZ) catalogue. The PSZ is selected through the signature of the
Sunyaev--Zeldovich (SZ) effect, and the sub-sample used here has a
signal-to-noise threshold of seven, with each object confirmed as a cluster and
all but one with a redshift estimate. We discuss the completeness of the sample
and our construction of a likelihood analysis. Using a relation between mass
and SZ signal calibrated to X-ray measurements, we derive constraints
on the power spectrum amplitude and matter density parameter
in a flat CDM model. We test the robustness of
our estimates and find that possible biases in the -- relation and the
halo mass function are larger than the statistical uncertainties from the
cluster sample. Assuming the X-ray determined mass to be biased low relative to
the true mass by between zero and 30%, motivated by comparison of the observed
mass scaling relations to those from a set of numerical simulations, we find
that , , and
. The value of
is degenerate with the mass bias; if the latter is fixed to a value
of 20% we find and a
tighter one-dimensional range . We find that the larger
values of and preferred by Planck's
measurements of the primary CMB anisotropies can be accommodated by a mass bias
of about 40%. Alternatively, consistency with the primary CMB constraints can
be achieved by inclusion of processes that suppress power on small scales
relative to the CDM model, such as a component of massive neutrinos
(abridged).Comment: 20 pages, accepted for publication by A&
The season of our discontent. A survey research of political knowledge and attitudes of three campus organizations : Students for a Democratic Society, Young Democrats, and Young Americans for Freedom
This thesis proposes that Americans, on the whole, have become alienated from their creedal values as a result of technological change outstripping social change. Activist students are attempting to break out of the dilemma created by the contradiction of American ideals and current experience, and are looking back to the creedal values to guide them. The American Creed, though, contains a dichotomy: libertarianism and egalitarianism. This dichotomy has an important bearing on the paths that students follow toward achieving the "American Dream." It is found in their concepts of conservatism, liberalism, and radicalism. A person who is oriented in a libertarian direction will follow the conservative (Classical Liberal) route; one who is an egalitarian will be radicalized; and one who is attempting to balance the two ideals becomes a liberal (New Liberal). To test this assumption, campus groups which are identified as conservative, liberal, and radical were selected: the Young Americans for Freedom, the Young Democrats, and the Students for a Democratic Society. As a control, an elementary college political science class was used. Political knowledge of the four groups and selected attitude scales reflecting creedal values were given, and hypotheses constructed as to how the groups would compare on the scales. None of our hypotheses were rejected, and four--those concerning political knowledge, attitudes toward law, liberalism-conservatism, and worldmindedness--were completely borne out by the data. Two were modified, but only slightly. These were attitude scales on ethnocentrism and militarism- pacifism. Although not a part of our hypotheses, we compared backgrounds of the respondents of the various groups in the categories of sex, age, marital status, educational achievement, student/non-student members, college enrolled in, employment, family income, and religious affiliation. We found that, with the exception of family income and religious background, the conclusions of previous research were confirmed.Political Science, Department o