Zur potentiellen Schädlichkeit verschiedener Ärgerausdrucksformen

Eine in der Forschung häufig gestellte Frage ist, welche schädlichen Auswirkungen Ärger und vor allem Ärgerausdruck haben kann. Bei Ärgerausdruck wird dabei typischerweise in nach innen gerichteten (anger-in) und nach außen gerichteten Ärger (anger-out) unterschieden. Hinsichtlich der gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen gibt es Hinweise dafür, dass beide typischen Ärgerausdrucksformen - sowohl nach innen als auch nach außen gerichteter Ärger - mit Risiken für das kardiovaskuläre System einhergehen. Allerdings ist die Vorhersagekraft einzelner Variablen nur sehr gering, so dass die Kombination von Variablen vielversprechender wirkt. Ein aktuell diskutiertes Risikocluster für koronare Herzkrankheiten ist das Typ D-Konstrukt. In Studie 1 wurden die Zusammenhänge von Typ D und Ärger und Ärgerausdruck in einer klinischen sowie einer nichtklinischen Stichprobe mit Hilfe von Fragebögen überprüft. In beiden Teilstichproben wies Typ D Beziehungen mit Ärger und Ärgerunterdrückung sowie offenem Ärgerausdruck auf. Ärger und Ärgerausdruck scheinen also auch im Typ D-Konzept eine wichtige Rolle zu spielen. Außer Belegen für gesundheitliche Auswirkungen von Ärgerausdruck wurden in jüngerer Zeit auch Hinweise auf Einflüsse auf Leistungsaspekte gefunden. Forschung aus dem Bereich der Emotionsregulation wies darauf hin, dass respondente Emotionsregulation, d.h. die Regulierung des emotionalen Ausdrucks ohne Änderung der erlebten Emotion, eine negative Wirkung auf die Bewältigung von kognitiven Aufgaben haben kann. In Studie 2 und Studie 3 wurde untersucht, ob sich auch für die respondente Regulierung des Ärgerausdrucks ein Effekt auf Leistungsvariablen feststellen lässt. Es wurde davon ausgegangen, dass sich ein inkongruenter Ärgerausdruck, also ein Ausdruck, der mit dem erlebten Ärger nicht übereinstimmt, leistungsreduzierend auswirkt. Ärger wurde mittels Provokation eines Konföderierten induziert. Der Ärgerausdruck wurde durch die Instruktion manipuliert, während einer der kognitiven Aufgabe zusätzlich eine bestimmte Emotion (ärgerlich oder neutral) darzustellen. Im Sinne der Annahme ließen sich nach inkongruentem Ärgerausdruck Defizite in der freien Erinnerung und im Zahlenverbindungstest finden. Die durchgeführten Studien sprechen dafür, dass Ärgerausdruck sowohl nach außen als auch nach innen gerichtet schädliche für Gesundheit und Leistung sein kann, wenn er übertrieben oder mit dem eigenen Erleben inkongruent ist

De virtute balnei marini medica ejusque applicandi modo. Dissertatio inauguralis medica, quam consentiente amplissimo medicorum ordine in Universitate Caesarea Literarum Dorpatensi, pro gradu doctoris medicinae ligitime obtinendo, loco consueto, publice defendet auctor Henricus Carolus Perbandt, Bolderaa-Livonus

http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2489262~S1*es

Comparison of Laboratory and Field Remote Sensing Methods to Measure Forage Quality

Recent research in range ecology has emphasized the importance of forage quality as a key indicator of rangeland condition. However, we lack tools to evaluate forage quality at scales appropriate for management. Using canopy reflectance data to measure forage quality has been conducted at both laboratory and field levels separately, but little work has been conducted to evaluate these methods simultaneously. The objective of this study is to find a reliable way of assessing grassland quality through measuring forage chemistry with reflectance. We studied a mixed grass ecosystem in Grasslands National Park of Canada and surrounding pastures, located in southern Saskatchewan. Spectral reflectance was collected at both in-situ field level and in the laboratory. Vegetation samples were collected at each site, sorted into the green grass portion, and then sent to a chemical company for measuring forage quality variables, including protein, lignin, ash, moisture at 135 °C, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Total Digestible, Digestible Energy, Net Energy for Lactation, Net Energy for Maintenance, and Net Energy for Gain. Reflectance data were processed with the first derivative transformation and continuum removal method. Correlation analysis was conducted on spectral and forage quality variables. A regression model was further built to investigate the possibility of using canopy spectral measurements to predict the grassland quality. Results indicated that field level prediction of protein of mixed grass species was possible (r2 = 0.63). However, the relationship between canopy reflectance and the other forage quality variables was not strong

WISDOM-II: Screening against multiple targets implicated in malaria using computational grid infrastructures

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Despite continuous efforts of the international community to reduce the impact of malaria on developing countries, no significant progress has been made in the recent years and the discovery of new drugs is more than ever needed. Out of the many proteins involved in the metabolic activities of the <it>Plasmodium </it>parasite, some are promising targets to carry out rational drug discovery.</p> <p>Motivation</p> <p>Recent years have witnessed the emergence of grids, which are highly distributed computing infrastructures particularly well fitted for embarrassingly parallel computations like docking. In 2005, a first attempt at using grids for large-scale virtual screening focused on plasmepsins and ended up in the identification of previously unknown scaffolds, which were confirmed in vitro to be active plasmepsin inhibitors. Following this success, a second deployment took place in the fall of 2006 focussing on one well known target, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and on a new promising one, glutathione-S-transferase.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In silico drug design, especially vHTS is a widely and well-accepted technology in lead identification and lead optimization. This approach, therefore builds, upon the progress made in computational chemistry to achieve more accurate <it>in silico </it>docking and in information technology to design and operate large scale grid infrastructures.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>On the computational side, a sustained infrastructure has been developed: docking at large scale, using different strategies in result analysis, storing of the results on the fly into MySQL databases and application of molecular dynamics refinement are MM-PBSA and MM-GBSA rescoring. The modeling results obtained are very promising. Based on the modeling results, <it>In vitro </it>results are underway for all the targets against which screening is performed.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The current paper describes the rational drug discovery activity at large scale, especially molecular docking using FlexX software on computational grids in finding hits against three different targets (PfGST, PfDHFR, PvDHFR (wild type and mutant forms) implicated in malaria. Grid-enabled virtual screening approach is proposed to produce focus compound libraries for other biological targets relevant to fight the infectious diseases of the developing world.</p

Reappraisal of Vipera aspis Venom Neurotoxicity

BACKGROUND: The variation of venom composition with geography is an important aspect of intraspecific variability in the Vipera genus, although causes of this variability remain unclear. The diversity of snake venom is important both for our understanding of venomous snake evolution and for the preparation of relevant antivenoms to treat envenomations. A geographic intraspecific variation in snake venom composition was recently reported for Vipera aspis aspis venom in France. Since 1992, cases of human envenomation after Vipera aspis aspis bites in south-east France involving unexpected neurological signs were regularly reported. The presence of genes encoding PLA(2) neurotoxins in the Vaa snake genome led us to investigate any neurological symptom associated with snake bites in other regions of France and in neighboring countries. In parallel, we used several approaches to characterize the venom PLA(2) composition of the snakes captured in the same areas. [br/] METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We conducted an epidemiological survey of snake bites in various regions of France. In parallel, we carried out the analysis of the genes and the transcripts encoding venom PLA(2)s. We used SELDI technology to study the diversity of PLA(2) in various venom samples. Neurological signs (mainly cranial nerve disturbances) were reported after snake bites in three regions of France: Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrénées and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. Genomes of Vipera aspis snakes from south-east France were shown to contain ammodytoxin isoforms never described in the genome of Vipera aspis from other French regions. Surprisingly, transcripts encoding venom neurotoxic PLA(2)s were found in snakes of Massif Central region. Accordingly, SELDI analysis of PLA(2) venom composition confirmed the existence of population of neurotoxic Vipera aspis snakes in the west part of the Massif Central mountains. [br/] CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The association of epidemiological studies to genetic, biochemical and immunochemical analyses of snake venoms allowed a good evaluation of the potential neurotoxicity of snake bites. A correlation was found between the expression of neurological symptoms in humans and the intensity of the cross-reaction of venoms with anti-ammodytoxin antibodies, which is correlated with the level of neurotoxin (vaspin and/or ammodytoxin) expression in the venom. The origin of the two recently identified neurotoxic snake populations is discussed according to venom PLA(2) genome and transcriptome data