Strategies Exemplary Social Studies Teachers’ Implement When Facilitating Discussions About Race

Teachers experience difficulty in introducing some sensitive and controversial issues in the classroom environment. The purpose of this qualitative instrumental case study was to identify strategies that exemplary secondary social studies teachers implement when facilitating classroom discussions about sensitive and controversial issues, specifically, racial issues framed within Singleton and Linton’s 4 agreements of courageous conversations: stay engaged, speak your truth, experience discomfort, and accept and expect nonclosure. This study utilized qualitative data collection. Semi-structured, online one-to-one internet-based interviews were used to document the lived experiences of exemplary secondary social studies teachers and the strategies they use when facilitating discussions about sensitive and controversial issues such as race in the classroom. Voluntarily submitted participant artifacts such as lesson plans, strategies, and multimedia resources were utilized to provide in-class strategies and context. The 4 purposefully selected secondary social studies teachers, 3 males, and 1 female, met the criteria to be included in this study by being a recipient of the National Council for the Social Studies, Outstanding Secondary Social Studies Teacher of the Year award. Moreover, each participant is a current or previous classroom teacher of 1 or more courses under the content area of secondary social studies. Geographically, all participants reside within the continental United States. An overall conclusion of the findings revealed that teachers need to teach and model how to communicate effectively by acquiring the ability and willingness to share, hear, understand, and accept multiple perspectives effectively both in and of the classroom

\u3ci\u3eHeligmosomoides thomomyos\u3c/i\u3e sp. n. (Nematoda: Heligmosomidae) from Pocket Gophers, \u3c/i\u3eThomomys\u3c/i\u3e spp. (Rodentia: Geomyidae), in Oregon and California

The nematode Heligmosomoides thomomyos sp. n. is described from the small intestine of Thomomys bulbivorus and T. bottae. This is the first report of Heligmosomoides from rodents of the family Geomyidae. Nematodes of the genus Heligmosomoides Hall, 1916 occur most commonly in arvicolid rodents. Of the 26 known species of the genus, 11 have been recorded from Nearctic rodents (Rausch and Rausch, 1973). In North America, Heligmosomoides spp. have been recorded not only from voles, but also from cricetids and murids. Heligmosomoides spp. characteristically inhabit the small intestine or cecum of their host, where they usually are found tightly coiled around the intestinal or cecal villi (Durette-Desset, 1971). Nematodes representing an undescribed species of Heligmosomoides were found by us in the small intestine of pocket gophers (Geomyidae) of two species, Thomomys bulbivorus (Richardson), from Benton County, Oregon, and T. bottae (Eydoux and Gervais), from Humboldt County, California (collected respectively by S.L.G. and D.P.J.). Rodents of the genus Thomomys have an extensive geographic range in central and western North America. Thomomys bulbivorus is endemic to the Willamette Valley of Oregon, and T. bottae occurs from southwestern Oregon southward to Arizona and northern Mexico (Hall and Kelson, 1959; Ingles, 1965). It is the purpose of the present paper to describe this nematode, which is the first species of Heligmosomoides to be recorded from rodents of the family Geomyidae

Cell death and transcriptional responses induced in larvae of the nematode Haemonchus contortus by toxins/toxicants with broad phylogenetic efficacy

Establishing methods to investigate treatments that induce cell death in parasitic nematodes will promote experimental approaches to elucidate mechanisms and to identify prospective anthelmintics capable of inducing this outcome. Here, we extended recent progress on a method to monitor cell death and to identify small molecule inhibitors i

Expressed sequence tags from life cycle stages of Trichinella spiralis: Application to biology and parasite control

While the approach taken to date to study Trichinella spp., involves mainly characterization of individual genes of interest, we initiated a genomics approach as an antecedent to more complete genome sequencing. Our approach involves use of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) obtained from three life cycle stages of Trichinella spiralis; adult worms (AD), mature muscle larvae (ML) and immature L1 larvae (immL1, also known as newborn larvae) (Mitreva et al., 2004a) to improve the technical capacity for research on Trichinella spp. and to generate information that will aid prospective development of relevant hypotheses. In this review, we will summarize findings of our EST analysis and discuss how they relate to topics mentioned above. The foundation laid by this data will also contribute toward development of a more substantial genomic database and technical capacity to dissect molecular interactions between vertebrate hosts and Trichinella spp

DISPOSITIONAL EMPLOYABILITY AND THE RELATIONSHIP TO CAREER SUCCESS: A META-ANALYSIS

This meta-analysis focuses on the willingness to work aspect of the RAW model of employability of Hogan et al. (2009), in relationship to career success. Willingness to work (W) can be defined as favorably disposed to work hard and take initiative at one’s job. The variables I used to structure the W are proactive personality, conscientiousness, work ethic, job involvement, adaptability, and ambition. I used the Hunter and Schmidt method to analyze the data applying a random effects model. All calculations were conducted in Excel. The overall sample consisted of 100 effect sizes (r) derived from 41 studies. The total sample size was 45,652. The individuals in these samples were from a wide range of backgrounds that included diverse samples of age, culture, and occupations. The results indicated a small to medium effect size for all variables. This outcome supports my hypotheses, concluding that willingness to work correlates with both objective and subjective career success. Because of small sample sizes (i.e., relatively few studies with usable moderator data), a moderator analysis was not conducted. Once sufficient studies have been published in this domain, future researchers could look into the possibility of moderators

Parasitic nematodes—From genomes to control

The diseases caused by parasitic nematodes in domestic and companion animals are major factors that decrease production and quality of the agricultural products. Methods available for the control of the parasitic nematode infections are mainly based on chemical treatment, non-chemical management practices, immune modulation and biological control. However, even with integrated pest management that frequently combines these approaches, the effective and long-lasting control strategies are hampered by the persistent exposure of host animals to environmental stages of parasites, the incomplete protective response of the host and acquisition of anthelmintic resistance by an increasing number of parasitic nematodes. Therefore, the challenges to improve control of parasitic nematode infections are multi-fold and no single category of information will meet them all. However, new information, such as nematode genomics, functional genomics and proteomics, can strengthen basic and applied biological research aimed to develop improvements. In this review we will, summarize existing control strategies of nematode infections and discuss ongoing developments in nematode genomics. Genomics approaches offer a growing and fundamental base of information, which when coupled with downstream functional genomics and proteomics can accelerate progress towards developing more efficient and sustainable control programs

TNFα and GM-CSF-induced activation of the CAEV promoter is independent of AP-1

AbstractCaprine arthritis encephalitis virus transcription is under the control of the viral promoter within the long terminal repeat. Previous studies with the closely related maedi visna lentivirus have indicated that viral transcription is dependent upon the AP-1 transcription factor. Other studies have indicated a potential role for the cytokines TNFα and GM-CSF in CAEV pathogenesis by increasing viral loads in infected tissues. The hypotheses that AP-1 transcription factors are necessary for transcriptional activation of the CAEV promoter and that CAEV transcriptional activation results from treatment with the cytokines GM-CSF and TNFα were tested with a stably transduced U937 cell line. Here, we found that TNFα and GM-CSF activated CAEV transcription in U937 cells. However, this activation effect was not blocked by SP600125, an inhibitor of Jun N-terminal kinase. SP600125 effectively prevented Jun phosphorylation in cells subsequently treated with cytokines. The cytokines TNFα and GM-CSF therefore activate CAEV transcription, and this effect occurs independently of AP-1. A set of progressive deletion mutants was utilized to show that TNFα-induced expression depends on an element or elements within the U3 70-bp repeat

Peptidases compartmentalized to the Ascaris suum intestinal lumen and apical intestinal membrane

The nematode intestine is a tissue of interest for developing new methods of therapy and control of parasitic nematodes. However, biological details of intestinal cell functions remain obscure, as do the proteins and molecular functions located on the apical intestinal membrane (AIM), and within the intestinal lumen (IL) of nematodes. Accordingly, methods were developed to gain a comprehensive identification of peptidases that function in the intestinal tract of adult female Ascaris suum. Peptidase activity was detected in multiple fractions of the A. suum intestine under pH conditions ranging from 5.0 to 8.0. Peptidase class inhibitors were used to characterize these activities. The fractions included whole lysates, membrane enriched fractions, and physiological- and 4 molar urea-perfusates of the intestinal lumen. Concanavalin A (ConA) was confirmed to bind to the AIM, and intestinal proteins affinity isolated on ConA-beads were compared to proteins from membrane and perfusate fractions by mass spectrometry. Twenty-nine predicted peptidases were identified including aspartic, cysteine, and serine peptidases, and an unexpectedly high number (16) of metallopeptidases. Many of these proteins co-localized to multiple fractions, providing independent support for localization to specific intestinal compartments, including the IL and AIM. This unique perfusion model produced the most comprehensive view of likely digestive peptidases that function in these intestinal compartments of A. suum, or any nematode. This model offers a means to directly determine functions of these proteins in the A. suum intestine and, more generally, deduce the wide array functions that exist in these cellular compartments of the nematode intestine