Assessment of required torque and power by-big square baler during the wrapping and baling process

The big square baler is an operating machine that performs the harvesting of hay and crop residues (straw) and the wrapping and baling process of big prismatic bales. The main operating organs of the machine are: i) the harvesting head; ii) the feeder; iii) the compression chamber and iv) the binding apparatus. The required power by the HD1270 big square baler, manufactured by Cicoria in Palazzo San Gervasio (near Potenza, Italy) has been studied. This big baler HD1270 is equipped with specially designed and manufactured devices aimed at reducing the costs of wrapping and baling. Practically these devices are the “Leverage Piston System”, the “Top Feeding System” and the “Controlled Binding System”, which manage, respectively, the motion of the piston, the feeding of the product and the binding operations. According to the manufacturer's technical specifications, these devices allow minimum required power from the tractor down to only 60 kW. Using an ad hoc high precision torque meter and tachometer, mounted between the tractor power take-off (PTO) and the cardan shaft connecting the HD 1270 big baler, the required torque values and power during the straw wrapping and baling process were measured and recorded. The tests were repeated considering different operating conditions. The obtained results were statistically evaluated in the time domain and clearly showed that the effective required power complies with technical specifications. The variability in stress could induce fatigue phenomena in the components that make up the piston motion transmission chain, with a reduction in their useful life

Approximate approach of research and assessment of crack resistance of cylindrical housings

In this work, we propose a procedure that allows us to quickly, without involving finite-element packages at the execution stage, evaluate the state of postulated cracks in cylindrical structural elements with internal anticorrosion cladding under pressure and unsteady temperature loading. The procedure contains three components. The first component of the procedure is based on the analytical solution of the unsteady thermal conductivity problem. The second component of the procedure is also analytical relations specifying circumferential and longitudinal stresses in a two-layer cylinder as a function of internal pressure and temperature distribution along the depth of the wall. In the third stage of the procedure, the coefficients of stress intensity along the crack front are determined by the method of influence functions using the known distribution of stresses. To implement this part of the procedure, the influence functions must first be calculated by the finite element method. In this work the example of calculating the functions of influence for longitudinal semi-elliptical cracks of 1/8 wall thickness depth and with the ratio of the principal half-diameters 0.3 and 0.7 is presented. As an example of the implementation of the procedure, comparative calculations were carried out and the elastic-plastic calculation of a cylindrical shell containing longitudinal cracks was given. Stress intensity coefficients along the part of the front located in the base metal were calculated. The results of analytical calculations were conservative until plastic deformations developed in the cladding. At significant plastic strains, the values of the stress intensity coefficients calculated by the proposed procedure, on the contrary, are significantly inferior. This demonstrates once again the fact that calculations in the framework of linear fracture mechanics are not always conservative in relation to calculations in the elastic-plastic formulation. The paper gives an explanation of the reason for the obtained effect

Research of the movement of agricultural aggregates using the methods of the movement stability theory

The theory of the movement stability is of crucial practical importance for mobile agricultural machines and machine aggregates, since it determines how qualitative and stable their performance is in a particular technological process. It is especially urgent To ensure stable movement for operation at high speeds of contemporary agricultural aggregates. The aim of this investigation is detailed examination of criteria for the stability assessment of a mechanical system used in agriculture, enabling their wide application in order to study the performance of the system in the case when it is affected by random forces that were not taken into account in the original model. The considered calculation methods and examples of their application make it possible to evaluate the performance of complex dynamic systems without numerical solution of complicated differential equations of the movement in the presence of external disturbances. The considered example of the stability determination of the movement of a trailed cultivator showed that this research method can be successfully used for practical purposes. Besides, a differential equation of disturbed movement has been composed for an actually symmetrical trailed agricultural machine with a particular mass, which moves at a constant forward speed under the impact of summary resistance force running along the symmetry axis of the cultivator and is applied at its centre of gravity. Reduced to normal Cauchy form, this equation was solved on the PC, which made it possible to determine immediately the conditions for stable movement of the trailed cultivator

Research of the movement of agricultural aggregates using the methods of the movement stability theory

ArticleThe theory of the movement stability is of crucial practical importance for mobile agricultural machines and machine aggregates, since it determines how qualitative and stable their performance is in a particular technological process. It is especially urgent To ensure stable movement for operation at high speeds of contemporary agricultural aggregates. The aim of this investigation is detailed examination of criteria for the stability assessment of a mechanical system used in agriculture, enabling their wide application in order to study the performance of the system in the case when it is affected by random forces that were not taken into account in the original model. The considered calculation methods and examples of their application make it possible to evaluate the performance of complex dynamic systems without numerical solution of complicated differential equations of the movement in the presence of external disturbances. The considered example of the stability determination of the movement of a trailed cultivator showed that this research method can be successfully used for practical purposes. Besides, a differential equation of disturbed movement has been composed for an actually symmetrical trailed agricultural machine with a particular mass, which moves at a constant forward speed under the impact of summary resistance force running along the symmetry axis of the cultivator and is applied at its centre of gravity. Reduced to normal Cauchy form, this equation was solved on the PC, which made it possible to determine immediately the conditions for stable movement of the trailed cultivator

Computationally Efficient Zero Noise Extrapolation for Quantum Gate Error Mitigation

Zero noise extrapolation (ZNE) is a widely used technique for gate error mitigation on near term quantum computers because it can be implemented in software and does not require knowledge of the quantum computer noise parameters. Traditional ZNE requires a significant resource overhead in terms of quantum operations. A recent proposal using a targeted (or random) instead of fixed identity insertion method (RIIM versus FIIM) requires significantly fewer quantum gates for the same formal precision. We start by showing that RIIM can allow for ZNE to be deployed on deeper circuits than FIIM, but requires many more measurements to maintain the same statistical uncertainty. We develop two extensions to FIIM and RIIM. The List Identity Insertion Method (LIIM) allows to mitigate the error from certain CNOT gates, typically those with the largest error. Set Identity Insertion Method (SIIM) naturally interpolates between the measurement-efficient FIIM and the gate-efficient RIIM, allowing to trade off fewer CNOT gates for more measurements. Finally, we investigate a way to boost the number of measurements, namely to run ZNE in parallel, utilizing as many quantum devices as are available. We explore the performance of RIIM in a parallel setting where there is a non-trivial spread in noise across sets of qubits within or across quantum computers.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figure

The theory of vibrational wave movement in drying grain mixture

This paper outlines a theory that involves the vibrational wave transportation of bulk grain during the course of passing that grain under an infrared radiation source, in a working thermal radiation drying chamber, and using a vibrational wave transporter belt that has been developed by the authors of this paper. The main outstanding feature of the proposed design is the presence of mechanical off-centre vibration drives which generate the vibration in the working rollers at a preset amplitude and frequency, thereby generating a mechanical wave on the surface of the flexible transporter belt which ensures the movement of bulk grain along the processing zone which itself is being subjected to infrared radiation. A calculation method was developed for the oscillation system that is used in conjunction with the vibrational transportation of the grain mass, in order to be able to determine the forces that may be present in the vibrational system and to prepare the differential calculations for the movement of the vibrational drive’s actuators, utilising for this purpose Type II Lagrange equations. The solving of the aforementioned integral equations on a PC yielded a number of graphical dependencies in terms of kinetic and dynamic parameters for the vibrational system described above; the analysis of those dependencies provided a rational structural, along with kinetic and dynamic indicators. According to the results that were taken from theoretical and experimental studies on the functioning of the developed infrared grain dryer combined with a vibrational exciter, stable movement for its working roller takes place if the angular velocity of a drive shaft is changed within the range of between 50–80 rads-1, whereas the amplitude of the indicated oscillations falls within the range of 3.0–4.0 mm. It has been discovered that a rational speed when transporting soy seeds during infrared drying falls between the range of between 0.15–0.60 cm·s-1, whereas the amplitude of the indicated oscillations falls within the range of 3.0–4.0 mm. An increase of this parameter within the stated limits increases the time that it takes to achieve the stage in which a constant drying soy speed is reached by more than 2.5 times (from 205 seconds to 520 seconds), stabilising the figure at a level of 520 seconds, which makes it possible to recommend a range of transport speeds of between 0.15–0.40 cm·s-1 under infrared radiation for the seeds in order to achieve the required moisture content with a single pass of the produce on the wave transporter. With that in mind, the power consumption levels for the vibrational exciter do not exceed 50W, while the angular velocity of the drive shaft’s rotation falls within the range of between 100– 120 rads-1 . The results of the experimental study that has been conducted indicated that a rational transportation speed for the soy seeds on the wave transporter under infrared radiation is between 0.15–0.40 cm·s-1

Measurement of the cross-section and charge asymmetry of WW bosons produced in proton-proton collisions at s=8\sqrt{s}=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper presents measurements of the $W^+ \rightarrow \mu^+\nu$ and $W^- \rightarrow \mu^-\nu$ cross-sections and the associated charge asymmetry as a function of the absolute pseudorapidity of the decay muon. The data were collected in proton--proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC and correspond to a total integrated luminosity of 20.2~\mbox{fb^{-1}}. The precision of the cross-section measurements varies between 0.8% to 1.5% as a function of the pseudorapidity, excluding the 1.9% uncertainty on the integrated luminosity. The charge asymmetry is measured with an uncertainty between 0.002 and 0.003. The results are compared with predictions based on next-to-next-to-leading-order calculations with various parton distribution functions and have the sensitivity to discriminate between them.Comment: 38 pages in total, author list starting page 22, 5 figures, 4 tables, submitted to EPJC. All figures including auxiliary figures are available at https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/STDM-2017-13