\u3cem\u3eAINTEGUMENTA\u3c/em\u3e Contributes to Organ Polarity and Regulates Growth of Lateral Organs in Combination with \u3cem\u3eYABBY\u3c/em\u3e Genes

Lateral organs in flowering plants display polarity along their adaxial-abaxial axis with distinct cell types forming at different positions along this axis. Members of three classes of transcription factors in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; the Class III homeodomain/leucine zipper [HD-ZIP] proteins, KANADI proteins, and YABBY proteins) are expressed in either the adaxial or abaxial domain of organ primordia where they confer these respective identities. Little is known about the factors that act upstream of these polarity-determining genes to regulate their expression. We have investigated the relationship between AINTEGUMENTA (ANT), a gene that promotes initiation and growth of lateral organ primordia, and polarity genes. Although ant single mutants do not display any obvious defects in organ polarity, loss of ANT activity in combination with mutations in one or more YABBY genes results in polarity defects greater than those observed in the yabby mutants alone. Our results suggest that ANT acts in combination with the YABBY gene FILAMENTOUS FLOWER (FIL) to promote organ polarity by upregulating the expression of the adaxial-specifying HD-ZIP gene PHABULOSA. Furthermore, we show that ANT acts with FIL to up-regulate expression of the floral homeotic gene APETALA3. Our work defines new roles for ANT in the development of lateral organs

Técnicas de extracción de almidón de frutas y residuos vegetales

El almidón es ampliamente consumido por los seres humanos como una fuente de carbohidratos disponibles, estables y económicos, y mucho se ha trabajado en la estructura, funcionalidad y aplicabilidad de los almidones. Aunque las fuentes convencionales de almidón, como el maíz y la papa, se están estudiando otras fuentes con propiedades mejoradas y con técnicas emergentes de extracción. En este sentido, el presente estudio de revisión documental científica, tuvo como objetivo el de identificar las técnicas de extracción de almidón de vegetales. El estudio fue de naturaleza de revisión documental científica y su alcance fue establecido en estudios y documentos referidos a las técnicas de extracción de almidón. La información fue extraída de bases de datos de la web y de los repositorios de universidades, con un margen de año de publicación del 2010 al 2021. Al analizar los resultados se concluye que las técnicas empleadas en la extracción de almidón son el método por vía húmeda, el método por vía seca. Dentro de la técnica por vía húmeda, encontramos el de ácida (àcido cítrico, ácido sulfúrico) y alcalina (hidróxido de sodio y bisulfito de sodio). Además, se registran métodos como la técnica enzimática (Celulasa) y del método de extracción asistido por ultrasonido. Dentro de estas técnicas, las más utilizadas son la extracción por el método por vía húmeda y el método por vía seca

Técnicas de extracción de almidón de frutas y residuos vegetales

El almidón es ampliamente consumido por los seres humanos como una fuente de carbohidratos disponibles, estables y económicos, y mucho se ha trabajado en la estructura, funcionalidad y aplicabilidad de los almidones. Aunque las fuentes convencionales de almidón, como el maíz y la papa, se están estudiando otras fuentes con propiedades mejoradas y con técnicas emergentes de extracción. En este sentido, el presente estudio de revisión documental científica, tuvo como objetivo el de identificar las técnicas de extracción de almidón de vegetales. El estudio fue de naturaleza de revisión documental científica y su alcance fue establecido en estudios y documentos referidos a las técnicas de extracción de almidón. La información fue extraída de bases de datos de la web y de los repositorios de universidades, con un margen de año de publicación del 2010 al 2021. Al analizar los resultados se concluye que las técnicas empleadas en la extracción de almidón son el método por vía húmeda, el método por vía seca. Dentro de la técnica por vía húmeda, encontramos el de ácida (àcido cítrico, ácido sulfúrico) y alcalina (hidróxido de sodio y bisulfito de sodio). Además, se registran métodos como la técnica enzimática (Celulasa) y del método de extracción asistido por ultrasonido. Dentro de estas técnicas, las más utilizadas son la extracción por el método por vía húmeda y el método por vía seca

Synergistic disruptions in seuss cyp85A2 double mutants reveal a role for brassinolide synthesis during gynoecium and ovule development

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Arabidopsis <it>SEUSS </it>(<it>SEU</it>) gene encodes a transcriptional adaptor protein that is required for a diverse set of developmental events, including floral organ identity specification, as well as gynoecium, ovule and embryo development. In order to better understand the molecular mechanisms of <it>SEUSS </it>action we undertook a genetic modifier screen to identify <it>seuss-modifier </it>(<it>sum</it>) mutations.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Screening of M2 lines representing approximately 5,000 M1 individuals identified mutations that enhance the <it>seuss </it>mutant phenotypic disruptions in ovules and gynoecia; here we describe the phenotype of the <it>sum63 </it>mutant and enhanced disruptions of ovule and gynoecial development in the <it>seu sum63 </it>double mutant. Mapping and genetic complementation tests indicate that <it>sum63 </it>is allelic to <it>CYP85A2 </it>(AT3G30180) a cytochrome p450 enzyme that catalyzes the final steps in the synthesis of the phytohormone brassinolide.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our identification of mutations in <it>CYP85A2 </it>as enhancers of the <it>seuss </it>mutant phenotype suggests a previously unrecognized role for brassinolide synthesis in gynoecial and ovule outer integument development. The work also suggests that <it>seuss </it>mutants may be more sensitive to the loss or reduction of brassinolide synthesis than are wild type plants.</p

Transcriptomic Characterization of a Synergistic Genetic Interaction during Carpel Margin Meristem Development in Arabidopsis thaliana

In flowering plants the gynoecium is the female reproductive structure. In Arabidopsis thaliana ovules initiate within the developing gynoecium from meristematic tissue located along the margins of the floral carpels. When fertilized the ovules will develop into seeds. SEUSS (SEU) and AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) encode transcriptional regulators that are critical for the proper formation of ovules from the carpel margin meristem (CMM). The synergistic loss of ovule initiation observed in the seu ant double mutant suggests that SEU and ANT share overlapping functions during CMM development. However the molecular mechanism underlying this synergistic interaction is unknown. Using the ATH1 transcriptomics platform we identified transcripts that were differentially expressed in seu ant double mutant relative to wild type and single mutant gynoecia. In particular we sought to identify transcripts whose expression was dependent on the coordinated activities of the SEU and ANT gene products. Our analysis identifies a diverse set of transcripts that display altered expression in the seu ant double mutant tissues. The analysis of overrepresented Gene Ontology classifications suggests a preponderance of transcriptional regulators including multiple members of the REPRODUCTIVE MERISTEMS (REM) and GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR (GRF) families are mis-regulated in the seu ant gynoecia. Our in situ hybridization analyses indicate that many of these genes are preferentially expressed within the developing CMM. This study is the first step toward a detailed description of the transcriptional regulatory hierarchies that control the development of the CMM and ovule initiation. Understanding the regulatory hierarchy controlled by SEU and ANT will clarify the molecular mechanism of the functional redundancy of these two genes and illuminate the developmental and molecular events required for CMM development and ovule initiation

Genome-Wide Analysis of a TaLEA-Introduced Transgenic Populus simonii × Populus nigra Dwarf Mutant

A dwarf mutant (dwf1) was obtained among 15 transgenic lines, when TaLEA (Tamarix androssowii late embryogenesis abundant gene) was introduced into Populus simonii × Populus nigra by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Under the same growth conditions, dwf1 height was significantly reduced compared with the wild type and the other transgenic lines. Because only one transgenic line (dwf1) displayed the dwarf phenotype, we considered that T-DNA insertion sites may play a role in the mutant formation. The mechanisms underlying this effect were investigated using TAIL-PCR (thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR) and microarrays methods. According to the TAIL-PCR results, two flanking sequences located on chromosome IV and VIII respectively, were cloned. The results indicated the integration of two independent T-DNA copies. We searched for the potential genes near to the T-DNA insertions. The nearest gene was a putative poplar AP2 transcription factor (GI: 224073210). Expression analysis showed that AP2 was up-regulated in dwf1 compared with the wild type and the other transgenic lines. According to the microarrays results, a total of 537 genes involved in hydrolase, kinase and transcription factor activities, as well as protein and nucleotide binding, showed significant alterations in gene expression. These genes were expressed in more than 60 metabolic pathways, including starch, sucrose, galactose and glycerolipid metabolism and phenylpropanoids and flavonoid biosyntheses. Our transcriptome and T-DNA insertion sites analyses might provide some useful insights into the dwarf mutant formation

Aintegumenta and Aintegumenta-Like6 regulate auxin-mediated flower development in Arabidopsis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Two related genes encoding AP2/ERF-type transcription factors, <it>AINTEGUMENTA </it>(<it>ANT</it>) and <it>AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE6 </it>(<it>AIL6</it>), are important regulators of floral growth and patterning in Arabidopsis. Evidence suggests that these genes promote several aspects of flower development in response to auxin. To investigate the interplay of <it>ANT</it>, <it>AIL6 </it>and auxin during floral development, I have examined the phenotypic consequences of disrupting polar auxin transport in <it>ant</it>, <it>ail6 </it>and <it>ant ail6 </it>mutants by either genetic or chemical means.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Plants containing mutations in <it>ANT </it>or <it>AIL6 </it>alone or in both genes together exhibit increased sensitivity to disruptions in polar auxin transport. Both genes promote shoot growth, floral meristem initiation and floral meristem patterning in combination with auxin transport. However, differences in the responses of <it>ant </it>and <it>ail6 </it>single mutants to perturbations in auxin transport suggest that these two genes also have non-overlapping activities in each of these developmental processes.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The enhanced sensitivity of <it>ant </it>and <it>ail6 </it>mutants to alterations in polar auxin transport suggests that these mutants have defects in some aspect of auxin physiology. The inability of <it>ant ail6 </it>double mutants to initiate flowers in backgrounds disrupted for auxin transport confirm the proposed roles for these two genes in floral meristem initiation.</p

Gibberellins negatively modulate ovule number in plants

[EN] Ovule formation is a complex developmental process in plants, with a strong impact on the production of seeds. Ovule primordia initiation is controlled by a gene network, including components of the signaling pathways of auxin, brassinosteroids and cytokinins. By contrast, gibberellins (GAs) and DELLA proteins, the negative regulators of GA signaling, have never been shown to be involved in ovule initiation. Here, we provide molecular and genetic evidence that points to DELLA proteins as novel players in the determination of ovule number in Arabidopsis and in species of agronomic interest, such as tomato and rapeseed, adding a new layer of complexity to this important developmental process. DELLA activity correlates positively with ovule number, acting as a positive factor for ovule initiation. In addition, ectopic expression of a dominant DELLA in the placenta is sufficient to increase ovule number. The role of DELLA proteins in ovule number does not appear to be related to auxin transport or signaling in the ovule primordia. Possible crosstalk between DELLA proteins and the molecular and hormonal network controlling ovule initiation is also discussed.This work was supported by grants from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad and the European Regional Development Fund (BIO2014-55946) and Generalitat Valenciana (ACOMP/2014/106) to M.A.P.-A, from the National Science Foundation (MCB-0923727) to J.M.A., and from the National Institutes of Health (R01GM112976-01A1) and the Saltman Endowed Chair in Science and Education to M.F.Y. Deposited in PMC for release after 12 months.Gómez Jiménez, MD.; Barro-Trastoy, D.; Escoms, E.; Saura-Sanchez, M.; Sanchez, I.; Briones-Moreno, A.; Vera Sirera, FJ.... (2018). Gibberellins negatively modulate ovule number in plants. Development. 145(13). https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.163865S14513Anders, S., & Huber, W. (2010). 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Phytochrome regulates cellular response plasticity and the basic molecular machinery of leaf development

Plants are plastic organisms that optimize growth in response to a changing environment. This adaptive capability is regulated by external cues, including light, which provides vital information about the habitat. Phytochrome photoreceptors detect far-red light, indicative of nearby vegetation, and elicit the adaptive shade-avoidance syndrome (SAS), which is critical for plant survival. Plants exhibiting SAS are typically more elongated, with distinctive, small, narrow leaf blades. By applying SAS-inducing end-of-day far-red (EoD FR) treatments at different times during Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf 3 development, we have shown that SAS restricts leaf blade size through two distinct cellular strategies. Early SAS induction limits cell division, while later exposure limits cell expansion. This flexible strategy enables phytochromes to maintain control of leaf size through the proliferative and expansion phases of leaf growth. mRNAseq time course data, accessible through a community resource, coupled to a bioinformatics pipeline, identified pathways that underlie these dramatic changes in leaf growth. Phytochrome regulates a suite of major development pathways that control cell division, expansion, and cell fate. Further, phytochromes control cell proliferation through synchronous regulation of the cell cycle, DNA replication, DNA repair, and cytokinesis, and play an important role in sustaining ribosome biogenesis and translation throughout leaf development

Oak root response to ectomycorrhizal symbiosis establishment: RNA-Seq derived transcript identification and expression profiling

Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis is essential for the life and health of trees in temperate and boreal forests where it plays a major role in nutrient cycling and in functioning of the forest ecosystem. Trees with ectomycorrhizal root tips are more tolerant to environmental stresses, such as drought, and biotic stresses such as root pathogens. Detailed information on these molecular processes is essential for the understanding of symbiotic tissue development in order to optimize the benefits of this natural phenomenon. Next generation sequencing tools allow the analysis of non model ectomycorrhizal plant-fungal interactions that can contribute to find the "symbiosis toolkits" and better define the role of each partner in the mutualistic interaction. By using 454 pyrosequencing we compared ectomycorrhizal cork oak roots with non-symbiotic roots. From the two cDNA libraries sequenced, over 2 million reads were obtained that generated 19,552 cork oak root unique transcripts. A total of 2238 transcripts were found to be differentially expressed when ECM roots were compared with non-symbiotic roots. Identification of up- and down-regulated gens in ectomycorrhizal roots lead to a number of insights into the molecular mechanisms governing this important symbiosis. In cork oak roots, ectomycorrhizal colonization resulted in extensive cell wall remodelling, activation of the secretory pathway, alterations in flavonoid biosynthesis, and expression of genes involved in the recognition of fungal effectors. In addition, we identified genes with putative roles in symbiotic processes such as nutrient exchange with the fungal partner, lateral root formation or root hair decay. These findings provide a global overview of the transcriptome of an ectomycorrhizal host root, and constitute a foundation for future studies on the molecular events controlling this important symbiosis.This work was funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (www.fct.pt) in the frame of the project Cork Oak EST Consortium SOBREIRO/0034/2009. Post-doc grant to MS was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BPD/25661/2005). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript