Epidat 4.1: una herramienta para la enseñanza de la estadística

Epidat es un programa de libre distribución desarrollado por la dirección Xeral de innovación e Xestión da Saúde Pública (Xunta de Galicia) que incluye, entre otros, varios módulos de estadística: análisis descriptivo, muestreo, inferencia sobre parámetros y distribuciones de probabilidad. Sus características y facilidad de manejo lo convierten en una herramienta muy útil para apoyar la enseñanza de la estadística. En este taller se pretende mostrar el funcionamiento general de Epidat 4.1 y de los módulos enumerados mediante una práctica basada en datos reales recopilados por alumnos de ESO

Recent wind-driven variability in Atlantic water mass distribution and meridional overturning circulation

Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2017. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 47 (2017): 633-647, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-16-0089.1.Interannual variability in the volumetric water mass distribution within the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre is described in relation to variability in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. The relative roles of diabatic and adiabatic processes in the volume and heat budgets of the subtropical gyre are investigated by projecting data into temperature coordinates as volumes of water using an Argo-based climatology and an ocean state estimate (ECCO version 4). This highlights that variations in the subtropical gyre volume budget are predominantly set by transport divergence in the gyre. A strong correlation between the volume anomaly due to transport divergence and the variability of both thermocline depth and Ekman pumping over the gyre suggests that wind-driven heave drives transport anomalies at the gyre boundaries. This wind-driven heaving contributes significantly to variations in the heat content of the gyre, as do anomalies in the air–sea fluxes. The analysis presented suggests that wind forcing plays an important role in driving interannual variability in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and that this variability can be unraveled from spatially distributed hydrographic observations using the framework presented here.DGE was supported by a Natural Environment Research Council studentship award at the University of Southampton. JMT’s contribution was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (Grant OCE-1332667). GF’s contribution was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation through Grant OCE-0961713 and by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration through Grant NA10OAR4310135. The contributions of JDZ and AJGN were supported by the NERC Grant ‘‘Climate scale analysis of air and water masses’’ (NE/ K012932/1). ACNG gratefully acknowledges support from the Leverhulme Trust, the Royal Society, and the Wolfson Foundation. LY was supported by NASA Ocean Vector Wind Science Team (OVWST) activities under Grant NNA10AO86G

Four Decades of COPD Mortality Trends: Analysis of Trends and Multiple Causes of Death

There is little information on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality trends, age of death, or male:female ratio. This study therefore sought to analyze time trends in mortality with COPD recorded as the underlying cause of death from 1980 through 2017, and with COPD recorded other than as the underlying cause of death. We conducted an analysis of COPD deaths in Galicia (Spain) from 1980 through 2017, including those in which COPD was recorded other than as the underlying cause of death from 2015 through 2017. We calculated the crude and standardized rates, and analyzed mortality trends using joinpoint regression models. There were 43,234 COPD deaths, with a male:female ratio of 2.4. Median age of death was 82 years. A change point in the mortality trend was detected in 1996 with a significant decrease across the sexes, reflected by an annual percentage change of −3.8%. Taking deaths into account in which COPD participated or contributed without being the underlying cause led to an overall 42% increase in the mortality burden. The most frequent causes of death when COPD was not considered to be the underlying cause were bronchopulmonary neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. COPD mortality has decreased steadily across the sexes in Galicia since 1996, and age of death has also gradually increased. Multiple-cause death analysis may help prevent the underestimation of COPD mortalityS

Accelerometers: devices that contribute to healthy aging

In this paper accelerometers were used as a persuasive technology to monitor exercise training and to promote healthy habits in senior citizens. The sample was composed by 100 users of a nursing home. Subjects were randomly assigned to an experimental and a control group. The intervention program lasted four months. Both groups carried accelerometers on a daily bases during one month, with no prior indication about exercise practice. The procedure was repeated two months later, but the experimental group was encouraged to increase the amount of time devoted to physical activity. Results showed a statistically significant increase in the amount and intensity of physical activity, regardless of whether subjects received the incentive to do it. These findings support the efficiency of using accelerometers as persuasive technology, as well as for generating new opportunities for active and healthy aging.En este trabajo se utilizó un acelerómetro como una tecnología persuasiva para supervisar la práctica de ejercicio y promover hábitos saludables en las personas de edad avanzada. La muestra fue compuesta por 100 usuarios de un hogar de ancianos. Los sujetos fueron asignados aleatoriamente a un grupo experimental y un grupo control. El programa de intervención duró cuatro meses. Ambos grupos llevaron el acelerómetro durante un mes diariamente, sin ninguna indicación previa sobre la práctica de ejercicio. Dos meses después, se repitió el procedimiento, pero el grupo experimental fue alentado a incrementar la cantidad de tiempo dedicada a la actividad física. Los resultados mostraron un aumento estadísticamente significativo en la cantidad e intensidad de la actividad física, independientemente de si los sujetos recibieron el incentivo para hacerlo. Estos hallazgos apoyan la eficacia de la utilización de acelerómetros como la tecnología persuasiva, que la generación de nuevas oportunidades para el envejecimiento activo y saludable

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic in terms of incidence and lethality in nursing homes in Galicia (Spain)

Objetivos Conocer el impacto de la COVID-19 en incidencia y letalidad en los centros residenciales de mayores (CRM) de Galicia. M?todos Se trata de un estudio descriptivo en residentes y trabajadores de los CRM con COVID-19 confirmada. El an?lisis abarc? del 1 de marzo de 2020 al 27 de marzo de 2022 y se estratific? en 6 per?odos (uno por ola). Se analiz? el impacto en incidencia (tasa de ataque, n?mero de brotes, reinfecciones, sexo, edad y t?cnica diagn?stica) y letalidad (por sexo, edad, lugar de fallecimiento y n?mero de centros con fallecidos). Resultados Hubo 15.819 personas afectadas, el 51,9% de las plazas y el 47% de los trabajadores. La tasa de ataque en residentes fue: 5,8% en la primera ola, 10,4% en la segunda, 6,3% en la tercera, 0,1% en la cuarta, 2,1% en la quinta y 27,3% en la sexta ola. En la sexta ola hubo un 11,3% de reinfecciones y el n?mero de brotes fue 3 veces mayor que en la segunda. La letalidad en residentes fue mayor durante la primera ola (21,8%) y menor durante la sexta (2,4%). Solo falleci? un trabajador en relaci?n con la COVID-19. Conclusiones La vigilancia de la COVID-19 en CRM fue fundamental para conocer la din?mica de la enfermedad. La sexta ola fue la de mayor incidencia y la de menor letalidad. La letalidad fue superior en la primera ola. La cuarta y la quinta ola tuvieron menor incidencia debido a los efectos de la vacunaci?n.Objectives To know the impact of COVID-19 in incidence and lethality in nursing homes in Galicia. Methods This is a descriptive study of nursing homes residents and workers with confirmed COVID-19. The analysis spanned from March 1, 2020 to March 27, 2022, stratified into 6 periods (one per wave). The impact on incidence (attack rate, number of outbreaks, reinfections, sex, age, and diagnostic technique) and lethality (by sex, age, place of death, and number of centers with deaths) was analyzed. Results There were 15,819 people affected, 51.9% of the jobs and 47.0% of the workers. The attack rate in residents was: 5.8% in the first wave, 10.4% in the second, 6.3% in the third, 0.1% in the fourth, 2.1% in the fifth and 27.3% in the sixth. In the sixth wave, there were 11.3% reinfections and the number of outbreaks in was 3 times higher than in the second. The case fatality in residents was higher during the first wave (21.8%) and lower during the sixth (2.4%). He only had one worker in relation to COVID-19. Conclusions Surveillance of COVID-19 in nursing homes was essential to understand the dynamics of the disease. The sixth wave was the one with the highest incidence and the lowest lethality. Lethality was higher in the first wave. The fourth and fifth waves had a lower incidence due to the effects of vaccination

Asian journal of andrology

The Argo Program has been implemented and sustained for almost two decades, as a global array of about 4000 profiling floats. Argo provides continuous observations of ocean temperature and salinity versus pressure, from the sea surface to 2000 dbar. The successful installation of the Argo array and its innovative data management system arose opportunistically from the combination of great scientific need and technological innovation. Through the data system, Argo provides fundamental physical observations with broad societally-valuable applications, built on the cost-efficient and robust technologies of autonomous profiling floats. Following recent advances in platform and sensor technologies, even greater opportunity exists now than 20 years ago to (i) improve Argo's global coverage and value beyond the original design, (ii) extend Argo to span the full ocean depth, (iii) add biogeochemical sensors for improved understanding of oceanic cycles of carbon, nutrients, and ecosystems, and (iv) consider experimental sensors that might be included in the future, for example to document the spatial and temporal patterns of ocean mixing. For Core Argo and each of these enhancements, the past, present, and future progression along a path from experimental deployments to regional pilot arrays to global implementation is described. The objective is to create a fully global, top-to-bottom, dynamically complete, and multidisciplinary Argo Program that will integrate seamlessly with satellite and with other in situ elements of the Global Ocean Observing System (Legler et al., 2015). The integrated system will deliver operational reanalysis and forecasting capability, and assessment of the state and variability of the climate system with respect to physical, biogeochemical, and ecosystems parameters. It will enable basic research of unprecedented breadth and magnitude, and a wealth of ocean-education and outreach opportunities