Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19 : a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050

Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached$8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total,$40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this,$13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and$1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4$2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7$1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018

Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000–2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15–49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations.Peer reviewe

Preschool children and excess weight: The impact of a low complexity intervention in public day care centers

Made available in DSpace on 2019-09-12T16:32:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013Introduction: childhood obesity is a major public health problem, affecting children even at early ages. Objective: to assess the impact of dietary intervention and relatively simple physical activity on the nutritional state of preschoolers. Method: this was an intervention study in public daycare centers targeting children from 2 to 4 years of age, in the State of São Paulo. The sample consisted of 9 daycare centers covering 578 children, with 264 children in the intervention group (IG) and 314 in the comparison group (CG). Intervention was focused on modifications in diet and physical activity, avoiding overloading the routine of daycare centers, for duration of one year. A zBMI score > 1 (zBMI) and < 2 was considered risk of being overweight, and > 2 zBMI was considered excess weight (overweight and obese). Analysis was done by frequency calculations, comparisons of proportions by Χ2, mean comparisons by t-student and calculations according to Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: IG showed an inverse correlation between the initial zBMI of the children and the difference with the zBMI at the end of the intervention (rP = -0.39, p <0.0001). The mean difference of zBMI of the overweight children in IG between the beginning and the end of the study period was negative (-0.46 z score), indicating weight reduction, while the children in the CG was positive (+0. 17 z score) (p = 0.0037). Conclusion: intervention in diet and physical activity in overweight preschool children in daycare centers could have a favorable impact on the evolution of their nutritional state.Nascimento, V.G., Department of Mother and Child Health of the Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazilda Silva, J.P.C., Department of Mother and Child Health of the Public Health, University of São Paulo, BrazilMachado, T.C., Department of Mother and Child Health of the Public Health, University of São Paulo, BrazilBertoli, C.J., Department of Medicine, University of Taubaté, BrazilValenti, V.E., Department of Speak and Hearing Pathology, Faculty of Philosophy and Sciences, Paulista State University-FFC/UNESP, BrazilLeone, C., Department of Mother and Child Health of the Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazi

Structural Study Of The Ag(110)c(2 × 2)-sb Phase By Low Energy Electron Diffraction

This work concerns the deposition of Sb on the (110) clean surface of silver. Two structured phases have been observed: an Ag(110)(4 × 1)-Sb, with a Sb coverage of about 1.0ML and an Ag(110)c(2 × 2)-Sb, with half the coverage of the first one. The structural determination of the Ag(110)c(2 × 2)-Sb phase has been performed by a standard LEED analysis and the results obtained indicate the presence of substitutional Sb atoms in the first atomic layer. The presence of the Sb substitutional atoms promotes an expansion in the first interlayer distance without any change in the surface thermal vibrational behaviour. Based on results obtained by this study and previously published ones, the substitutional site seems to be most energetically favourable for Sb atoms, in any of the low index surfaces of silver. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.5722-3337346Van Der Vegt, H.A., Van Pinxteren, H.M., Lohmeier, M., Vlieg, E., Thornton, J.M.C., (1992) Phys. Rev. Lett., 68, p. 3335Vrijmoeth, J., Van Der Vegt, H.A., Meyer, J.A., Vlieg, E., Behm, R.J., (1994) Phys. Rev. Lett., 72, p. 3843Van Der Vegt, H.A., Huisman, W.J., Howes, P.B., Vlieg, E., (1995) Surf Sci, 330, p. 101Jiang, M., Zhou, X., Qiu, M., Cao, P., (1998) J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 10, p. 8653Noakes, T.C.Q., Hutt, D.A., McConville, C.F., Woodruff, D.P., (1997) Surf. Sci., 372, p. 117Soares, E.A., Bittencourt, C., Nascimento, V.B., De Carvalho, V.E., De Castilho, C.M.C., McConville, C.F., De Carvalho, A.V., Woodruff, D.P., (2000) Phys. Rev. B, 61, p. 13983De Vries, S.A., Huisman, W.J., Goedtkindt, P., Zwanenburg, M.J., Bennet, S.L., Robinson, I.K., Vlieg, E., (1998) Surf. Sci., 414, p. 159Quinn, P.D., Brown, D., Woodruff, D.P., Bailey, P., Noakes, T.C.Q., (2002) Surf. Sci., 511, p. 43Nascimento, V.B., Dr. Thesis, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil (in Portuguese)Scares, E.A., De Siervo, A., Landers, R., Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP (private communication)http://www.qivx.com/ispt/elements/ptw_047.php, http://www.qivx.com/ispt/elements/ptw_051.phphttp://www.lasurface.com/xps/Periodiq_table/A_new_pergen2.htmhttp://www.webelements.comClementi, E., Raimondi, D.L., Reinhardt, W.P., (1963) J. Chem. Phys., 38, p. 2686Campbell, C.T., (1986) Surf. Sci., 167, pp. L181Zachariasen, W.H., (1973) J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 35, p. 3487Slater, J.C., (1964) J. Chem. Phys., 39, p. 3199Slater, J.C., (1965) Quantum Theory of Molecules and Solids, , McGraw-Hill, New Yorkhttp://web.mit.edu/3.091/www/pt/pertl.htmlhttp://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/cchieh/cact/tools/elemprop.htmlGhosh, D.C., Biswas, R., (2002) Int. J. Mol. Sci., 3, p. 87Kittel, C., (1986) Introduction to Solid State Physics, Sixth Ed., , John Wiley & Sons, New YorkBarbieri, A., Van Hove, M.A., http://electron.lbl.gov/leedpack/, private communicationLoucks, T., (1976) Augmented Plane Wave Method, , Benjamin, New YorkVan Hove, M.A., Weinberg, W.H., Chan, C.-M., (1986) Low Energy Electron Diffraction-experiment, Theory and Surface Structure Determination, , Springer, BerlinPendry, J.B., (1980) J. Phys. C, 13, p. 937Press, W.H., Flannery, B.P., Teukolsky, S.A., Vetterling, W.T., (1989) Numerical Recipes in Fortran, , Cambridge Univ. Press, CambridgeNascimento, V.B., Soares, E.A., De Carvalho, V.E., Lopes, E.L., Paniago, R., De Castilho, C.M.C., (2003) Phys. Rev. B, 68, p. 245408Woodruff, D.P., Robinson, J., (2000) J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 12, p. 7699Brown, D., Quinn, P.D., Woodruff, D.P., (2000) Phys. Rev. B, 61, p. 7706Woodruff, D.P., (2003) J. Robinson, Surf. Sci., 219, p. 1Soares, E.A., Bittencourt, C., Lopes, E.L., De Carvalho, V.E., Woodruff, D.P., (2004) Surf. Sci., 550, p. 127Quinn, P.D., Bittencourt, C., Brown, D., Woodruff, D.P., Noakes, T.C.Q., Bailey, P., (2002) J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 14, p. 66