El padre Juan Bautista Aguirre, un hombre extraordinario -su época-

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¿Por qué el Ecuador debe dar su adhesión al Tratado Antártico antes de 1991?

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Research Collaboration Influence Analysis Using Dynamic Co-authorship and Citation Networks

Collaborative research is increasing in terms of publications, skills, and formal interactions, which certainly makes it the hotspot in both academia and the industrial sector. Knowing the factors and behavior of dynamic collaboration network provides insights that helps in improving the researcher’s profile and coordinator’s productivity of research. Despite rapid developments in the research collaboration process with various outcomes, its validity is still difficult to address. Existing approaches have used bibliometric network analysis with different aspects to understand collaboration patterns that measure the quality of their corresponding relationships. At this point in time, we would like to investigate an efficient method to outline the credibility of findings in publication—author relations. In this research, we propose a new collaboration method to analyze the structure of research articles using four types of graphs for discerning authors’ influence. We apply different combinations of network relationships and bibliometric analysis on the G-index parameter to disclose their interrelated differences. Our model is designed to find the dynamic indicators of co-authored collaboration with an influence on the author’s behavior in terms of change in research area/interest. In the research we investigate the dynamic relations in an academic field using metadata of openly available articles and collaborating international authors in interrelated areas/domains. Based on filtered evidence of relationship networks and their statistical results, the research shows an increment in productivity and better influence over time

Must analysis of meaning follow analysis of form? A time course analysis

Many models of word recognition assume that processing proceeds sequentially from analysis of form to analysis of meaning. In the context of morphological processing, this implies that morphemes are processed as units of form prior to any influence of their meanings. Some interpret the apparent absence of differences in recognition latencies to targets (SNEAK) in form and semantically similar (sneaky-SNEAK) and in form similar and semantically dissimilar (sneaker-SNEAK) prime contexts at a stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of 48 ms as consistent with this claim. To determine the time course over which degree of semantic similarity between morphologically structured primes and their targets influences recognition in the forward masked priming variant of the lexical decision paradigm, we compared facilitation for the same targets after semantically similar and dissimilar primes across a range of SOAs (34–100 ms). The effect of shared semantics on recognition latency increased linearly with SOA when long SOAs were intermixed (Experiments 1A and 1B) and latencies were significantly faster after semantically similar than dissimilar primes at homogeneous SOAs of 48 ms (Experiment 2) and 34 ms (Experiment 3). Results limit the scope of form-then-semantics models of recognition and demonstrate that semantics influences even the very early stages of recognition. Finally, once general performance across trials has been accounted for, we fail to provide evidence for individual differences in morphological processing that can be linked to measures of reading proficiency

Reporte de consumo de plantas medicinales en gestantes del Centro de Salud Viña Alta, La Molina. Lima, Perú

This research aimed to find out the frequency and ways of using medicinal plants by pregnant women treated at the Centro de Salud Viña Alta, located in La Molina district. Twenty-one (21) pregnant women voluntarily participated in the study, where they were administered an expert-validated survey regarding the use of medicinal plants. The results showed that 86 % of the pregnant women used medicinal plants and 67 % did not ask their doctor before using them. The most frequent way of using the medicinal plants was by oral intake as herbal teas. The most widely used medicinal plants were chamomile, parsley, eucalyptus, boldo, aloe, mint and rue, some of which produced a teratogenic effect, uterine stimulant action, abortifacient effect, among others. It is necessary to know the actual quantity and most frequent way of using medicinal plants by pregnant women to classify these products as for its safety level and promote the rational use of traditional medicine to contribute to public health.El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer la frecuencia y la manera en que las plantas medicinales son empleadas por las gestantes del Centro de Salud Viña Alta del distrito de La Molina. En el estudio participaron veintiuna gestantes, quienes respondieron una encuesta, validada por expertos, sobre el uso de plantas medicinales. Se demostró que el 86,00 % de las gestantes utilizaron plantas medicinales, y que 67,00 % no consultó con un médico sobre su empleo. La manera más frecuente de consumo de las plantas medicinales fue la vía oral, en forma de infusiones. Las plantas medicinales más utilizadas fueron manzanilla, perejil, eucalipto, boldo, aloe, menta y ruda; y algunas de ellas mostraron efecto teratogénico, estimulante uterino, abortivo, entre otros. Es necesario conocer la cantidad real y la manera más frecuente en que las gestantes consumen las plantas medicinales, con la finalidad de clasificar estos productos de acuerdo al nivel de seguridad que ofrecen y promover el uso racional de la medicina tradicional para contribuir en la salud pública

Nasopharyngeal Colonization and Invasive Disease Are Enhanced by the Cell Wall Hydrolases LytB and LytC of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common colonizer of the human nasopharynx and one of the major pathogens causing invasive disease worldwide. Dissection of the molecular pathways responsible for colonization, invasion, and evasion of the immune system will provide new targets for antimicrobial or vaccine therapies for this common pathogen. Methodology/Principal Findings: We have constructed mutants lacking the pneumococcal cell wall hydrolases (CWHs) LytB and LytC to investigate the role of these proteins in different phases of the pneumococcal pathogenesis. Our results show that LytB and LytC are involved in the attachment of S. pneumoniae to human nasopharyngeal cells both in vitro and in vivo. The interaction of both proteins with phagocytic cells demonstrated that LytB and LytC act in concert avoiding pneumococcal phagocytosis mediated by neutrophils and alveolar macrophages. Furthermore, C3b deposition was increased on the lytC mutant confirming that LytC is involved in complement evasion. As a result, the lytC mutant showed a reduced ability to successfully cause pneumococcal pneumonia and sepsis. Bacterial mutants lacking both LytB and LytC showed a dramatically impaired attachment to nasopharyngeal cells as well as a marked degree of attenuation in a mouse model of colonization. In addition, C3b deposition and phagocytosis was more efficient for the double lytB lytC mutant and its virulence was greatly impaired in both systemic and pulmonary models of infection. Conclusions/Significance: This study confirms that the CWHs LytB and LytC of S. pneumoniae are essential virulence factor

Virus mayaro: un arbovirus que amenaza a Colombia

Los arbovirus (Arthropod Borne Viruses), descubiertos en 1942, son un conjunto de familias y géneros de virus que tienen en común la característica de ser transmitidos por medio de artrópodos, incluye aproximadamente 500 virus de los cuales 150 pueden causar enfermedad en el ser humano y son considerados uno de los más importantes problemas de salud pública en el siglo XXI, debido a que su vigilancia y prevención depende del control y estudio de sus vectores. El virus mayaro es una zoonosis producida por un arbovirus de la familia Togaviridae, género Alphavirus, el cual es endémico y reemergente en los bosques tropicales de América del Sur y es transmitido al humano por tres mosquitos del género Haemagogus, y especies de Aedes como A. aegypti, A. albopictus e inclusive A. scapularis. Su descubrimiento fue en 1954 en Trinidad y Tobago, y desde entonces ha sido aislado en humanos, vertebrados silvestres y mosquitos en Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Guyana, Guyana Francesa, Perú y Surinam. Tiene una incidencia muy baja de circulación en América, especialmente en la región amazónica de Brasil, Bolivia y Perú. La presencia del virus mayaro en Colombia es una enorme amenaza a futuro, debido a que el vector Aedes principalmente A. aegypti es endémico en el país, además de que limita con países que han sufrido de brotes epidémicos del virus como Venezuela, Brasil, Perú y Ecuador. Su presentación clínica es similar a la del dengue y el chikungunya, incluye fiebre de presentación aguda que dura de 3 a 5 días, cefaleas intensas, dolor retro orbital, artralgias que pueden durar semanas o incluso meses, mialgias, vómitos, diarreas y erupciones. El diagnóstico puede realizarse por medio de hemaglutinación, PCR RT, entre otras. Es necesario implementar políticas claras en salud pública para determinar el riesgo inminente que tienen nuestras fronteras para el ingreso de este virus a nuestro país, socializar los conocimientos que se tienen de los arbovirus en especial del virus del mayaro y sus implicaciones en la salud humana. Abstract The arbovirus discovered in 1942, Arboviruses (Arthropod Borne Viruses) discovered in 1942 are a set of families and genera of viruses that have the common characteristic of being transmitted by means of arthropods... They are a set of families and genus of viruses that have in common the characteristic of being transmitted by arthropods, including about 500 viruses of which about 150 can cause human disease and are considered one of the problems public health most important in the XXI century because its surveillance and prevention depends on the control and study of their vector. Virus mayaro is a zoonosis caused by an arbovirus of the Togaviridae family, Alphavirus genus, which is endemic and re-emerging in the tropical forests of South America and is transmit to humans three by genus Haemagogus mosquitoes and species of aedes as A. aegypti, A. albopictus and even A. scapularis. His discovery was in 1954 in Trinidad and Tobago, and has since been isolated in humans, wild vertebrates and mosquitoes in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, French Guyana, Peru and Suriname. Circulates with low incidence in America, especially in the Amazon region of Brazil, Bolivia and Peru. The presence of mayaro virus in Colombia is a major threat in the future, because the vector Aedes mainly A. aegypti it is endemic in the country, considering that the countries bordering Colombia have suffered outbreaks as Venezuela, Brazil, Peru and Ecuador. Its clinical presentation is very similar to that of dengue and chikungunya, including fever of acute presentation lasting from 3 to 5 days, severe headache, retro-orbital pain, joint pain that can last weeks or even months, myalgia, vomiting, diarrhea and rashes. Diagnosis it can made by hemagglutination, RT PCR, among other

Background Light in Potential Sites for the ANTARES Undersea Neutrino Telescope

The ANTARES collaboration has performed a series of {\em in situ} measurements to study the background light for a planned undersea neutrino telescope. Such background can be caused by $^{40}$K decays or by biological activity. We report on measurements at two sites in the Mediterranean Sea at depths of 2400~m and 2700~m, respectively. Three photomultiplier tubes were used to measure single counting rates and coincidence rates for pairs of tubes at various distances. The background rate is seen to consist of three components: a constant rate due to $^{40}$K decays, a continuum rate that varies on a time scale of several hours simultaneously over distances up to at least 40~m, and random bursts a few seconds long that are only correlated in time over distances of the order of a meter. A trigger requiring coincidences between nearby photomultiplier tubes should reduce the trigger rate for a neutrino telescope to a manageable level with only a small loss in efficiency.Comment: 18 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physic