3,565 research outputs found
Invited review: Epidemics on social networks
Since its first formulations almost a century ago, mathematical models for
disease spreading contributed to understand, evaluate and control the epidemic
processes.They promoted a dramatic change in how epidemiologists thought of the
propagation of infectious diseases.In the last decade, when the traditional
epidemiological models seemed to be exhausted, new types of models were
developed.These new models incorporated concepts from graph theory to describe
and model the underlying social structure.Many of these works merely produced a
more detailed extension of the previous results, but some others triggered a
completely new paradigm in the mathematical study of epidemic processes. In
this review, we will introduce the basic concepts of epidemiology, epidemic
modeling and networks, to finally provide a brief description of the most
relevant results in the field.Comment: 17 pages, 13 figure
Stochastic resonance in a model of opinion formation on small-world networks
We analyze the phenomenon of stochastic resonance in an Ising-like system on
a small-world network. The system, which is subject to the combined action of
noise and an external modulation, can be interpreted as a stylized model of
opinion formation by imitation under the effects of a ``fashion wave''. Both
the amplitude threshold for the detection of the external modulation and the
width of the stochastic-resonance peak show considerable variation as the
randomness of the underlying small-world network is changed.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures include
Complex structures in generalized small worlds
We propose a generalization of small world networks, in which the
reconnection of links is governed by a function that depends on the distance
between the elements to be linked. An adequate choice of this function lets us
control the clusterization of the system. Control of the clusterization, in
turn, allows the generation of a wide variety of topologies.Comment: 4 pages, 6 figures, RevTe
Game theory in models of pedestrian room evacuation
We analyze the pedestrian evacuation of a rectangular room with a single door
considering a Lattice Gas scheme with the addition of behavioral aspects of the
pedestrians. The movement of the individuals is based on random and rational
choices and is affected by conflicts between two or more agents that want to
advance to the same position. Such conflicts are solved according to certain
rules closely related to the concept of strategies in Game Theory, cooperation
and defection. We consider game rules analogous to those from the Prisoner's
Dilemma and Stag Hunt games, with payoffs associated to the probabilities of
the individuals to advance to the selected site. We find that, even when
defecting is the rational choice for any agent, under certain conditions,
cooperators can take advantage from mutual cooperation and leave the room more
rapidly than defectors
Statistical fluctuations in pedestrian evacuation times and the effect of social contagion
Mathematical models of pedestrian evacuation and the associated simulation
software have become essential tools for the assessment of the safety of public
facilities and buildings. While a variety of models are now available, their
calibration and test against empirical data are generally restricted to global,
averaged quantities, the statistics compiled from the time series of individual
escapes (" microscopic " statistics) measured in recent experiments are thus
overlooked. In the same spirit, much research has primarily focused on the
average global evacuation time, whereas the whole distribution of evacuation
times over some set of realizations should matter. In the present paper we
propose and discuss the validity of a simple relation between this distribution
and the " microscopic " statistics, which is theoretically valid in the absence
of correlations. To this purpose, we develop a minimal cellular automaton, with
novel features that afford a semi-quantitative reproduction of the experimental
" microscopic " statistics. We then introduce a process of social contagion of
impatient behavior in the model and show that the simple relation under test
may dramatically fail at high contagion strengths, the latter being responsible
for the emergence of strong correlations in the system. We conclude with
comments on the potential practical relevance for safety science of
calculations based on " microscopic " statistics
Associative memory on a small-world neural network
We study a model of associative memory based on a neural network with
small-world structure. The efficacy of the network to retrieve one of the
stored patterns exhibits a phase transition at a finite value of the disorder.
The more ordered networks are unable to recover the patterns, and are always
attracted to mixture states. Besides, for a range of the number of stored
patterns, the efficacy has a maximum at an intermediate value of the disorder.
We also give a statistical characterization of the attractors for all values of
the disorder of the network.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures (eps
- …