17 research outputs found
Chemical Approaches to Synthetic Drug Delivery Systems for Systemic Applications
Poor water solubility and low bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are major causes of friction in the pharmaceutical industry and represent a formidable hurdle for pharmaceutical drug development. Drug delivery remains the major challenge for the application of new small-molecule drugs as well as biopharmaceuticals. The three challenges for synthetic delivery systems are: (i)â
controlling drug distribution and clearance in the blood; (ii)â
solubilizing poorly water-soluble agents, and (iii)â
selectively targeting specific tissues. Although several polymer-based systems have addressed the first two demands and have been translated into clinical practice, no targeted synthetic drug delivery system has reached the market. This Review is designed to provide a background on the challenges and requirements for the design and translation of new polymer-based delivery systems. This report will focus on chemical approaches to drug delivery for systemic applications
Chemische AnsĂ€tze fĂŒr synthetische Wirkstofftransportsysteme fĂŒr systemische Anwendungen
Schlechte Wasserlöslichkeit und geringe BioverfĂŒgbarkeit von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen (APIs) sind die Hauptursache fĂŒr Verzögerungen in der pharmazeutischen Industrie und stellen eine groĂe HĂŒrde fĂŒr die Entwicklung neuer Arzneimittel dar. Der Transport von Arzneimitteln ist nach wie vor die gröĂte Herausforderung fĂŒr die Anwendung niedermolekularer Medikamente und Biopharmazeutika. Die drei Herausforderungen fĂŒr synthetische Transportsysteme sind: (i)â
Kontrolle ĂŒber die Wirkstoffverteilung und Clearance im Blut, (ii)â
Solubilisierung schlecht wasserlöslicher Wirkstoffe und (iii)â
selektive Akkumulation in bestimmten Geweben. Obwohl viele Polymer-basierte Systeme die ersten beiden Anforderungen erfĂŒllen und in die klinische Praxis umgesetzt wurden, hat bisher noch kein zielgerichtetes, synthetisches Abgabesystem den Markt erreicht. Dieser Aufsatz soll einen Ăberblick ĂŒber die Herausforderungen und Anforderungen zur Entwicklung und Umsetzung neuer Polymer-basierter Darreichungssysteme geben. Hauptaugenmerk liegt hierbei auf den chemischen AnsĂ€tzen fĂŒr die Darreichung von Wirkstoffen fĂŒr systemische Anwendungen
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Pre-agricultural plant management in the uplands of the central Zagros: the archaeobotanical evidence from Sheikh-e Abad
Prior to the emergence of agriculture in southwest Asia, sedentarising human communities were experimenting with a diverse range of wild plant species over a prolonged period. In some cases, this involved the cultivation of species that would go on to be domesticated and form the foundation of future agricultural economies. However, many forms of plant use did not follow this trajectory, and in multiple places farming was only taken up later as an established âpackageâ. In this paper, we present new archaeobotanical evidence from the Early Neolithic site of Sheikh-e Abad in the central Zagros of western Iran. Sheikh-e Abad is unique in being the only settlement known to date within southwest Asia that lies at an altitude above 1000m and which has occupation spanning the agricultural transition. Thus, it provides a rare opportunity to examine pre-agricultural plant management strategies in an upland zone. Our analyses of the plant remains from Sheikh-e Abad suggest that from its earliest occupation inhabitants were unconsciously âauditioningâ a suite of locally available wild grasses which ultimately were never domesticated. We discuss the possible reasons for this from a socio-ecological perspective, considering both the biology and ecology of the plant species in question, as well as the ways in which they were potentially managed