Una solución de bajo costo de FFT para la medición de armónicos de corriente o voltaje

Una solución de bajo costo para la FFT se presenta en este documento. La principal idea radica en hacer un medidor capaz de medir armónicos de corriente o voltaje, dependiendo del trasductor que se utilice en la solución. La FFT utiliza lenguaje assembler con el fin de garantizar una recursión de código y, más aún, garantizar la utilización de poco recurso de máquina; en general, esto hace que el código y la aplicación necesiten menos tiempo para ejecutarse. Tomando una plataforma DSP, de 16 bits, junto con un transductor de voltaje o corriente se puede hacer un medidor capaz de detectar el número de armónicos deseados, con un excelente grado de precisión

Experimental Infection and Detection of Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis Bacterium in the American Lobster Homarus americanus

Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacterium (NHPB) is an obligated intracellular bacteria causing severe hepatopancreatic damages and mass mortalities in penaeid shrimp. The worldwide distribution of penaeid shrimp as alien species threatens the life cycle of other crustacean species. The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the possibility of experimentally infecting the American lobster (Homarus americanus) with NHPB extracted from shrimp hepatopancreas. Homogenates from infected shrimp were fed by force to lobsters. Other group of lobsters was fed with homogenates of NHPB-free hepatopancreas. After the 15th day from initial inoculation, the presence of NHPB was detected by polymerase chain reaction in feces and hepatopancreas from lobsters inoculated with infected homogenates. Necrotized spots were observed in the surface of lobster hepatopancreas. In contrast, lobsters fed on NHPB-free homogenates resulted negative for NHPB. Evidence suggests the plasticity of NHPB which can infect crustacean from different species and inhabiting diverse latitudes. Considering the results, the American lobster could be a good candidate to maintain available NHPB in vivo

Procesos no lineales en la ciencia y la sociedad

La existencia de ondas ocurre como una de las formas de manifiestación del movimiento más común en el mundo que nos rodea. Aunque las ondas lineales juegan un papel crucial en el desarrollo de la ciencia en primera aproximación, las ondas de índole no lineal se consideran como las más “realistas” para describir procesos complejos. Una gran posibilidad para el desarrollo de teoría de ondas no lineales se abrió debido a la investigación de solitones, ondas que no cambian de forma y de energía a lo largo de su desplazamiento. En este contexto, en el capítulo de Tatyana Belyaeva y Vladimir Serkin se estudia el efecto túnel cuántico usando ondas no lineales solitónicas de óptica y ondas de materia. Como es conocido, la ecuación diferencial que gobierna estos pulsos ópticos es de la familia de ecuaciones no lineales de Schrödinger, por su analogía con la famosa ecuación de la mecánica cuántica.La evolución de la sociedad en gran medida está soportada por el avance del desarrollo científico. Por ende, la aplicación de conocimientos obtenidos en esfuerzos indagatorios sobre fenómenos que ocurren en el universo es una de las premisas sobre la cual se basa todo desarrollo tecnológico y científico de la humanidad. La investigación en torno a las diferentes manifestaciones de la naturaleza conduce al análisis de entidades interactuantes que condicionan el comportamiento a posteriori de los elementos que la conforman. Es así que el estudio de sistemas interactuantes constituye un tema central en cualquier disciplina científica. Sin embargo, el análisis matemático de estos sistemas no es un problema fácil, de hecho, el estado actual del conocimiento científico y matemático dista aún mucho de comprender a detalle todos los posibles comportamientos de los sistemas complejos. El problema radica principalmente en dos factores: el primero se refiere a la gran cantidad de componentes, variables y parámetros que pueden estar interactuando, lo que obliga a analizar simplificaciones del problema; y el segundo concierne a que las interacciones generalmente no son lineales. Una de las diferencias fundamentales entre procesos lineales y no lineales es que en estos últimos no se cumple el principio de superposición. Cuando el vasto número de procesos naturales no lineales se estudia, comúnmente se modela mediante sistemas de ecuaciones no lineales. Suele ocurrir frecuentemente que la complejidad de fenómenos que ocurren en la naturaleza y sociedad en muchos aspectos es descrita y analizada incluso bajo una misma ecuación diferencial no lineal, incluyendo también en muchos casos la influencia aleatoria de otros agentes externos, por lo que la estocasticidad estará presente de una u otra manera. Esto crea un cuadro relativamente exitoso en vista de que las investigaciones de procesos que ocurren se pueden llevar a cabo en forma aislada, analizarlas abstractamente en el mundo de las matemáticas, para luego volcar todo el arsenal de conocimientos en las respectivas áreas de interés que se realizan

Psicología: aspectos fundamentales de la formación y la profesión

El aspecto de la práctica clínica ha sido abordado primeramente por la doctora Córdoba Basulto, desde la experiencia, y de manera muy breve profundiza en el ámbito de la Psicología de la salud, rescata y enfatiza el aspecto de la atención e intervención al paciente de urología, colocándolo en la parte de sujeto y no de enfermedad. Nuevamente señalando el trabajo multidisciplinario donde cada agente contribuye con la atención. Desde una perspectiva meramente clínica y específicamente con la experiencia del psicoanálisis, Márquez, Guadarrama, López y Huitrón nos permiten observar la postura de la adolescencia en el proceso terapéutico, indicando que la mejor forma de tratar a un adolescente no es lo individual, ni lo familiar, sino lo grupal.Este libro es una compilación de aportaciones que permiten observar el estado actual de la psicología en México, permitiendo vislumbrar los retos reales que no solamente tienen los alumnos que asumir en su formación profesional, sino todos aquellos que se encuentran laborando en esta basta disciplina. En este sentido, el mundo globalizado y el empleo exagerado de la tecnología se convierten en nuevas exigencias que propician a su vez nuevas formas, no sólo de atención, sino de estudio e investigación que le permitan la comprensión del comportamiento humano. La Psicología mexicana en los últimos años ha dejado de ser dogmática para convertirse en una ciencia amplia y de visión, lo que le ha permitido incursionar en nuevos campos de conocimiento como el de la psicología de la salud o de la psicología criminal. Es decir ha dejado de ser una psicología de diagnóstico y clínica para convertirse en una ciencia que asume al individuo como un ser social, complejo o bien como algunos ya lo han señalado como un ente psicosociobiológico

Mapping the risk of exposure to Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in the Iberian Peninsula using Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) as a model

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne zoonotic pathogen that can cause a lethal haemorrhagic disease in humans. Although the virus appears to be endemically established in the Iberian Peninsula, CCHF is an emerging disease in Spain. Clinical signs of CCHFV infection are mainly manifested in humans, but the virus replicates in several animal species. Understanding the determinants of CCHFV exposure risk from animal models is essential to predicting high-risk exposure hotspots for public health action. With this objective in mind, we designed a cross-sectional study of Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Spain and Portugal. The study analysed 5,291 sera collected between 2006 and 2022 from 90 wild boar populations with a specific double-antigen ELISA to estimate CCHFV serum prevalence and identify the main determinants of exposure probability. To do so, we statistically modelled exposure risk with host- and environment-related predictors and spatially projected it at a 10 × 10 km square resolution at the scale of the Iberian Peninsula to map foci of infection risk. Fifty-seven (63.3 %) of the 90 populations had at least one seropositive animal, with seroprevalence ranging from 0.0 to 88.2 %. Anti-CCHFV antibodies were found in 1,026 of 5,291 wild boar (19.4 %; 95 % confidence interval: 18.3–20.5 %), with highest exposure rates in southwestern Iberia. The most relevant predictors of virus exposure risk were wild boar abundance, local rainfall regime, shrub cover, winter air temperature and soil temperature variation. The spatial projection of the best-fit model identified high-risk foci as occurring in most of western and southwestern Iberia and identified recently confirmed risk foci in eastern Spain. The results of the study demonstrate that serological surveys of CCHFV vector hosts are a powerful, robust and highly informative tool for public health authorities to take action to prevent human cases of CCHF in enzootic and emergency settings.This study was funded by the regional Government of Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM) and the EU-European Social Fund (ESF) through project SBPLY/19/180501/000321 and by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Regional Development Fund (EU-ERDF) through project CGL2017–89866-R. We also acknowledge funding by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union "Next Generation EU"/PRTR Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan-Next Generation EU” through the TED2021–132599B-C21/22 project, by EU-ERDF (POPE 2014–2020) project LifeWATCH INDALO-Scientific Infrastructures for Global Change Monitoring and Adaptation in Andalusia (LIFEWATCH-2019–04-AMA-01) and by “Instituto de Salud Carlos III”, MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and EU-Next Generation EU funds through “CIBER-Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CB 2021/13/00083)”. SB-F and CH acknowledge funding by JCCM and EU-ESF contracts PREJCCM2019/11 and SUPLY/19/180501/000487, respectively. AP-M was funded by the University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM) and EU-ERDF through 2019-PREDUCLM-10932 contract whereas RC-M received funding from MCIN, EU-ERDF and UCLM at PRE2018–083801 contract. DJ-M holds a PhD contract granted by the Own Research Plan of the University of Cordoba and SC-S is supported by an FPU grant from the Spanish Ministry of Universities (FPU19/06,026). This study has been partially funded by the Department of Economic Development and Infrastructures of the Basque Government. AC was supported by a ‘Ramón y Cajal’ post-doctoral grant RYC2021–033084-I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501,100,011,033 and by European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR. RM is supported by a postdoctoral contract Margarita Salas Reference MS-23 (University of Extremadura) from the Program of Requalification of the Spanish University System (Spanish Ministry of Universities) financed by the European Union-NextGenerationEU.Peer reviewe

Local hydrological conditions influence tree diversity and composition across the Amazon basin

Tree diversity and composition in Amazonia are known to be strongly determined by the water supplied by precipitation. Nevertheless, within the same climatic regime, water availability is modulated by local topography and soil characteristics (hereafter referred to as local hydrological conditions), varying from saturated and poorly drained to well-drained and potentially dry areas. While these conditions may be expected to influence species distribution, the impacts of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity and composition remain poorly understood at the whole Amazon basin scale. Using a dataset of 443 1-ha non-flooded forest plots distributed across the basin, we investigate how local hydrological conditions influence 1) tree alpha diversity, 2) the community-weighted wood density mean (CWM-wd) – a proxy for hydraulic resistance and 3) tree species composition. We find that the effect of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity depends on climate, being more evident in wetter forests, where diversity increases towards locations with well-drained soils. CWM-wd increased towards better drained soils in Southern and Western Amazonia. Tree species composition changed along local soil hydrological gradients in Central-Eastern, Western and Southern Amazonia, and those changes were correlated with changes in the mean wood density of plots. Our results suggest that local hydrological gradients filter species, influencing the diversity and composition of Amazonian forests. Overall, this study shows that the effect of local hydrological conditions is pervasive, extending over wide Amazonian regions, and reinforces the importance of accounting for local topography and hydrology to better understand the likely response and resilience of forests to increased frequency of extreme climate events and rising temperatures

Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species

Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict thatmost of the world’s >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century

Textbook outcome in urgent early cholecystectomy for acute calculous cholecystitis: results post hoc of the S.P.Ri.M.A.C.C study

Introduction: A textbook outcome patient is one in which the operative course passes uneventful, without complications, readmission or mortality. There is a lack of publications in terms of TO on acute cholecystitis. Objetive: The objective of this study is to analyze the achievement of TO in patients with urgent early cholecystectomy (UEC) for Acute Cholecystitis. and to identify which factors are related to achieving TO. Materials and methods: This is a post hoc study of the SPRiMACC study. It ́s a prospective multicenter observational study run by WSES. The criteria to define TO in urgent early cholecystectomy (TOUEC) were no 30-day mortality, no 30-day postoperative complications, no readmission within 30 days, and hospital stay ≤ 7 days (75th percentile), and full laparoscopic surgery. Patients who met all these conditions were taken as presenting a TOUEC. Outcomes: 1246 urgent early cholecystectomies for ACC were included. In all, 789 patients (63.3%) achieved all TOUEC parameters, while 457 (36.6%) failed to achieve one or more parameters and were considered non-TOUEC. The patients who achieved TOUEC were younger had significantly lower scores on all the risk scales analyzed. In the serological tests, TOUEC patients had lower values for in a lot of variables than non-TOUEC patients. The TOUEC group had lower rates of complicated cholecystitis. Considering operative time, a shorter duration was also associated with a higher probability of reaching TOUEC. Conclusion: Knowledge of the factors that influence the TOUEC can allow us to improve our results in terms of textbook outcome

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types