Screening Models for Cardiac Risk Evaluation in Emergency Abdominal Surgery. II. Evaluation of the Postoperative Period Risk based on Data from the Pre- and Intraoperative Period

A classification of intraoperative (IO) and postoperative (PO) cardio-vascular complications (CVC) was performed, based on data from 466 patients subjected to emergency surgery, due to severe abdominal surgical diseases or traumas, in accordance with the severe criteria of ACC/AHA in CVC for non-cardiac surgery. There were 370 intra and 405 postoperative (IO; PO) CVC registered, distributed as follows: groups with low risk (IO: 148; PO: 87), moderate risk (IO: 200; PO: 225), and high risk (IO: 22; PO: 93). Patient groups were formed, according to the CVC risk level, during the intra- and postoperative periods, for which the determinant factor for the group distribution of patients was the complication with the highest risk. Individual data was collected for each patient, based on 65 indices: age, physical status, diseases, surgical interventions, anaesthesiological information, intra and postoperative cardio-vascular complications, disease outcome, causes of death, cardio-vascular disease anamnesis, anamnesis of all other nonsurgical diseases present, laboratory results, results from all imaging and instrumental examinations, etc. The trend toward increase or decrease of the CVC risk was studied during the transition from intra- to the postoperative period. On the basis of these indices, a new distribution of the patients was implemented, into groups with different levels of risk of CVC during intra- and postoperative. This result is a solid argument, substantiating the proposal to introduce these adjustments to the ACC/AHA criteria for determining the severity of CVC in the specific conditions of emergency abdominal surgery

Screening Models for Cardiac Risk Evaluation in Emergency Abdominal Surgery. I. Evaluation of the Intraoperative Period Risk based on Data from the Preoperative Period

A classification of intraoperative cardio-vascular complications (CVC) was performed, based on data from 466 patients subjected to emergency surgery, due to severe abdominal surgical diseases or traumas, in accordance with the severe criteria of ACC/AHA for CVC in noncardiac surgery. There were 370 intraoperative CVC registered, distributed as follows: groups with low risk (148), moderate risk (200), and high risk (22). Patient groups were formed, according to the CVC risk level, during the intraoperative period, for which the determinant factor for the group distribution of patients was the complication with the highest risk. Individual data was collected for each patient, based on 65 indices: age, physical status, diseases, surgical interventions, anaesthesiological information, intra and postoperative cardio-vascular complications, disease outcome, causes of death, cardiovascular disease anamnesis, anamnesis of all other nonsurgical diseases present, laboratory results, results from all imaging and instrumental examinations, etc. On the basis of these indices, a new distribution of the risk factors was implemented, into groups with different levels of risk of CVC during intraoperative period. This result is a solid argument, substantiating the proposal to introduce these adjustments for determining the severity of CVC in the specific conditions of emergency abdominal surgery

Thin Films for Immobilization of Complexes with Optical Properties

Thin film deposition techniques, such as dip coating, spin coating, and spray pyrolysis, are applied for the production of SiO2-, poly-(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA)-, and SiO2-/polyester-based “hybrid” matrices. The factors influencing the film properties are briefly discussed. The morphology of the films presented is studied by different microscopy techniques such as atomic force microscopy, electron (scanning and transmission) microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. The composites based on SiO2-, PMMA-, and SiO2/polyster “hybrid” matrices possess the optical properties of the immobilized complexes of Ru(II) and Eu(III) with different organic ligands. The preparation of the PMMA matrix by the monomer methylmethacrylate polymerization (instead of using of PMMA solution) caused partial destruction of the less stable complexes and thereby a decrease in the fluorescence intensity

Characterisation of age and polarity at onset in bipolar disorder

Background Studying phenotypic and genetic characteristics of age at onset (AAO) and polarity at onset (PAO) in bipolar disorder can provide new insights into disease pathology and facilitate the development of screening tools. Aims To examine the genetic architecture of AAO and PAO and their association with bipolar disorder disease characteristics. Method Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and polygenic score (PGS) analyses of AAO (n = 12 977) and PAO (n = 6773) were conducted in patients with bipolar disorder from 34 cohorts and a replication sample (n = 2237). The association of onset with disease characteristics was investigated in two of these cohorts. Results Earlier AAO was associated with a higher probability of psychotic symptoms, suicidality, lower educational attainment, not living together and fewer episodes. Depressive onset correlated with suicidality and manic onset correlated with delusions and manic episodes. Systematic differences in AAO between cohorts and continents of origin were observed. This was also reflected in single-nucleotide variant-based heritability estimates, with higher heritabilities for stricter onset definitions. Increased PGS for autism spectrum disorder (β = −0.34 years, s.e. = 0.08), major depression (β = −0.34 years, s.e. = 0.08), schizophrenia (β = −0.39 years, s.e. = 0.08), and educational attainment (β = −0.31 years, s.e. = 0.08) were associated with an earlier AAO. The AAO GWAS identified one significant locus, but this finding did not replicate. Neither GWAS nor PGS analyses yielded significant associations with PAO. Conclusions AAO and PAO are associated with indicators of bipolar disorder severity. Individuals with an earlier onset show an increased polygenic liability for a broad spectrum of psychiatric traits. Systematic differences in AAO across cohorts, continents and phenotype definitions introduce significant heterogeneity, affecting analyses

Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60-80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies

Mapping genomic loci prioritises genes and implicates synaptic biology in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60–80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies

Genomic Dissection of Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia, Including 28 Subphenotypes

publisher: Elsevier articletitle: Genomic Dissection of Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia, Including 28 Subphenotypes journaltitle: Cell articlelink: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.046 content_type: article copyright: © 2018 Elsevier Inc

Effets des politiques et des idéologies linguistiques sur les pratiques langagières et discursives des minorités en Bulgarie et en France

As part of a research on language ideologies, this work examines how certain minority communities in Bulgaria (Roma), whose languages have not been valued by the country's language policies, construct their language practices today. Starting from an ethnographic research at home, this thesis proposes, on the one hand, to study the discriminatory speeches and attitudes of the Bulgarian State towards various Roma communities, and, on the other hand, to observe the effects produced by these ideological discourses on sociolinguistic practices. By mobilizing the critical sociolinguistic approach of Monica Heller (2002) and the political sociolinguistics of Cécile Canut (Canut & al., 2018), the aim is to deconstruct the mechanisms of categorization, otherization and essentialization of certain Bulgarian minorities and to observe the social and subjective consequences on the positioning of the speakers. To articulate these reflections, several corpora were compiled during an ethnography at home in the Bulgarian provinces (Nevski, Varna, Plovdiv), in Sofia, as well as in Colmar (France) with a Burgudži family settled in France. In addition to these field surveys, I selected legislative texts and media speeches, institutional speeches by national education officials, and I made transcriptions from situations in class and in the family. The comparison of the data collected reveals the production and dissemination of a “certain Roma identity” (Canut, Jetchev, Nikolova, 2016) within Bulgarian society. This language production has effects on the subjective positioning even of the discriminated subjects. A first part of the thesis focuses on the theoretical frameworks used, while contextualizing the research in a historical perspective within the language policy of Bulgaria. By analyzing the ideological processes of linguistic integration or assimilation, the aim is to see how the process of categorization and homogenization of the “Bulgarian Roma” figure is organized. After a presentation of the chronology of the research and the challenges of my own position engaged during an ethnography at home, the thesis focuses on specific interaction situations from the fieldwork. Grasping the linguistic materiality of the words of certain speakers within the school space and in the family’s environment makes it possible to highlight processes of rhematization (iconization) (Gal, 2016; Irvine and Gal, 2000) and essentialization Bulgarian Roma populations. From the analyzes of the reflexive discourses of individuals in relation to the dominant language, it appears that the positions of discriminated individuals are revealed either by forms of subjection to power relations (Butler, 2002), or by forms of resistance and symbolic emancipation. Thus, this research aims to highlight the need for a semiotic and interdisciplinary approach to language that focuses on language materiality in all its complexity. It also opens avenues of research to examine the role of language in sociolinguistic processes in the Bulgarian context.Dans le cadre d’une recherche sur les idéologies langagières, ce travail examine comment certains groupes minoritaires en Bulgarie (Roms) dont les langues n’ont pas été valorisées par les politiques linguistiques du pays, construisent leurs pratiques langagières aujourd’hui. Partant d’une recherche ethnographique chez soi, la présente thèse se propose, d’une part, d’étudier les discours et les attitudes discriminatoires de l’État bulgare envers divers groupes roms, et d’autre part, d’observer les effets produits par ces discours idéologiques sur les pratiques sociolangagières. En mobilisant les approches sociolinguistique critique de Monica Heller (2002) et sociolinguistique politique de Cécile Canut (Canut & al., 2018), il s’agit de déconstruire les mécanismes de catégorisation, d’altérisation et d’essentialisation de certaines minorités bulgares et d’en observer les conséquences sociales et subjectives sur les positionnements des locuteurs. Pour articuler ces réflexions, plusieurs corpus ont été constitués au cours d’une ethnographie en province bulgare (Nevski, Varna, Plovdiv), à Sofia, ainsi qu’à Colmar (France) auprès d’une famille Burgudži installée en France. En complément à ces enquêtes de terrain, j’ai opéré une sélection de textes législatifs et de discours médiatiques, de discours institutionnels des agents de l’éducation nationale, et j’ai réalisé des transcriptions issues de situations en classe et en famille. La mise en parallèle des données recueillies fait apparaître la production et la diffusion d’une « certaine identité rom » (Canut, Jetchev, Nikolova, 2016) au sein de la société bulgare. Cette production langagière a des effets sur les positionnements subjectifs mêmes des sujets discriminés. Une première partie de la thèse s’intéresse aux cadres théoriques mobilisés, tout en contextualisant la recherche dans une perspective historique au sein de la politique linguistique de Bulgarie. En analysant des processus idéologiques d’intégration ou d’assimilation linguistique, il s’agit de voir comment est organisé le processus de catégorisation et d’homogénéisation de la figure « Rom bulgare ». Après une présentation de la chronologie de la recherche et les défis de mon propre positionnement engagé au cours d’une ethnographie chez soi, la thèse se concentre sur des situations d’interaction spécifiques issues du terrain. Saisir la matérialité langagière des propos de certains locuteurs, au sein de l’espace scolaire et en milieu familial, permet de mettre en évidence des processus de rhématisation (iconisation) (Gal, 2016; Irvine et Gal, 2000) et d’essentialisation des populations roms bulgares. A partir des analyses de discours réflexifs des individus en relation avec la langue dominante, il apparaît que les positionnements des individus discriminés se traduisent soit par des formes d’assujettissement à des rapports de pouvoir (Butler, 2002), soit par des formes de résistance et d’émancipation symbolique. Ainsi, cette recherche a pour objectif de souligner la nécessité d’une approche sémiotique et interdisciplinaire du langage qui s’intéresse à la matérialité langagière dans toute sa complexité. Elle ouvre, par ailleurs, des pistes de recherche pour examiner le rôle du langage dans les processus sociolinguistiques en contexte bulgare