94 research outputs found
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CRYSTALLIZATION FOULING ON GROOVED STAINLESS STEEL SURFACES DURING CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER
The beneficial aspects of enhanced or extended heat transfer surfaces may be off-set if operated under fouling conditions. In the present paper, preliminary experimental results for crystallization fouling of CaSO4 solutions onto surfaces with different structures are reported. Flat stainless steel plates (50 mm x 59 mm) with \u27V\u27 shaped grooves on the side of fluid flow were used as heat transfer surfaces. Experiments were carried out both under clean and fouling conditions to discern how the same surface structures perform under such circumstances. In addition, the impact of both, the direction of grooves with respect to fluid flow (crossed, longitudinal and mixed flow grooves) and the groove dimensions has also been investigated. Fouling trends are discussed in terms of delay time and fouling rate. Significant differences have been found for the various flow conditions
Hubble Space Telescope observations of three very young star clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud
We present Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) broad band imagery and
optical slitless spectroscopy of three young star clusters in the Small
Magellanic Cloud (SMC). MA 1796 and MG 2 were previously known as Planetary
Nebulae, and observed as such within our Hubble Space Telescope (HST) survey.
With the HST spatial resolution, we show that they are instead H II regions,
surrounding very young star clusters. A third compact H II region, MA 1797, was
serendipitously observed by us as it falls in the same frame of MA 1796.
Limited nebular analysis is presented as derived from the slitless spectra. We
find that MA 1796 and MG 2 are very heavily extincted, with c>1.4, defining
them as the most extincted optically-discovered star forming regions in the
SMC. MA 1796 and MG 2 are extremely compact (less than 1 pc across), while MA
1797, with diameter of about 3 pc, is similar to the ultra compact H II regions
already known in the SMC. Stellar analysis is presented, and approximate
reddening correction for the stars is derived from the Balmer decrement.
Limited analysis of their stellar content and their ionized radiation shows
that these compact H II regions are ionized by small stellar clusters whose
hottest stars are at most of the B0 class. These very compact, extremely
reddened, and probably very dense H II regions in the SMC offer insight in the
most recent star formation episodes in a very low metallicity galaxy.Comment: The Astrophysical Journal, Part 1, in press 17 pages, and 3 figure
Pascual LĂłpez: autobiografĂa de un estudiante de medicina
We propose an integration of structural subtyping with boolean connectives and semantic subtyping to define a Java-like programming language that exploits the benefits of both techniques. Semantic subtyping is an approach to defining subtyping relation based on set-theoretic models, rather than syntactic rules. On the one hand, this approach involves some non trivial mathematical machinery in the background. On the other hand, final users of the language need not know this machinery and the resulting subtyping relation is very powerful and intuitive. While semantic subtyping is naturally linked to the structural one, we show how the framework can also accommodate the nominal subtyping. Several examples show the expressivity and the practical advantages of our proposal. © 2013 IFIP International Federation for Information Processing
Sequential Star Formation in RCW 34: A Spectroscopic Census of the Stellar Content of High-mass Star-forming Regions
We present VLT/SINFONI integral field spectroscopy of RCW 34 along with
Spitzer/IRAC photometry of the surroundings. RCW 34 consists of three different
regions. A large bubble has been detected on the IRAC images in which a cluster
of intermediate- and low-mass class II objects is found. At the northern edge
of this bubble, an HII region is located, ionized by 3 OB stars. Intermediate
mass stars (2 - 3 Msun) are detected of G- and K- spectral type. These stars
are still in the pre-main sequence (PMS) phase. North of the HII region, a
photon-dominated region is present, marking the edge of a dense molecular cloud
traced by H2 emission. Several class 0/I objects are associated with this
cloud, indicating that star formation is still taking place. The distance to
RCW 34 is revised to 2.5 +- 0.2 kpc and an age estimate of 2 - 1 Myrs is
derived from the properties of the PMS stars inside the HII region. The most
likely scenario for the formation of the three regions is that star formation
propagates from South to North. First the bubble is formed, produced by
intermediate- and low-mass stars only, after that, the HII region is formed
from a dense core at the edge of the molecular cloud, resulting in the
expansion as a champagne flow. More recently, star formation occurred in the
rest of the molecular cloud. Two different formation scenarios are possible:
(a) The bubble with the cluster of low- and intermediate mass stars triggered
the formation of the O star at the edge of the molecular cloud which in turn
induces the current star-formation in the molecular cloud. (b) An external
triggering is responsible for the star-formation propagating from South to
North. [abridged]Comment: 19 pages, 11 figures, accepted by Ap
Imaging in population science: cardiovascular magnetic resonance in 100,000 participants of UK Biobank - rationale, challenges and approaches
PMCID: PMC3668194SEP was directly funded by the National Institute for Health Research
Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit at Barts. SN acknowledges support
from the Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and from the Oxford
British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence. SP and PL are
funded by a BHF Senior Clinical Research fellowship. RC is supported by a
BHF Research Chair and acknowledges the support of the Oxford BHF Centre
for Research Excellence and the MRC and Wellcome Trust. PMM gratefully
acknowledges training fellowships supporting his laboratory from the
Wellcome Trust, GlaxoSmithKline and the Medical Research Council
Spitzer View of Young Massive Stars in the LMC HII Complexes. II. N159
The HII complex N159 in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is used to study
massive star formation in different environments, as it contains three giant
molecular clouds (GMCs) that have similar sizes and masses but exhibit
different intensities of star formation. We identify candidate massive young
stellar objects (YSOs) using infrared photometry, and model their SEDs to
constrain mass and evolutionary state. Good fits are obtained for less evolved
Type I, I/II, and II sources. Our analysis suggests that there are massive
embedded YSOs in N159B, a maser source, and several ultracompact HII regions.
Massive O-type YSOs are found in GMCs N159-E and N159-W, which are associated
with ionized gas, i.e., where massive stars formed a few Myr ago. The third
GMC, N159-S, has neither O-type YSOs nor evidence of previous massive star
formation. This correlation between current and antecedent formation of massive
stars suggests that energy feedback is relevant. We present evidence that
N159-W is forming YSOs spontaneously, while collapse in N159-E may be
triggered. Finally, we compare star formation rates determined from YSO counts
with those from integrated H-alpha and 24 micron luminosities and expected from
gas surface densities. Detailed dissection of extragalactic GMCs like the one
presented here is key to revealing the physics underlying commonly used star
formation scaling laws.Comment: 60 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication in Astrophysical
Journa
The Cosmological Significance of High-Velocity Cloud Complex H
We have used infrared and radio observations to search for a dwarf galaxy
associated with the high-velocity cloud (HVC) known as Complex H. Complex H is
a large (> 400 deg^2) and probably nearby (d = 27 kpc) HVC whose location in
the Galactic plane has hampered previous investigations of its stellar content.
The HI mass of the cloud is 2.0 x 10^7 (d/27 kpc)^2 Msun, making Complex H one
of the most massive HVCs if its distance is > ~20 kpc. Virtually all similar HI
clouds in other galaxy groups are associated with LSB dwarf galaxies. We
selected mid-IR MSX sources in the direction of Complex H that appeared likely
to be star-forming regions and observed them at the wavelength of the CO 1-0
transition. 59 of the 60 observed sources show emission at Milky Way
velocities, and we detected no emission at velocities consistent with that of
Complex H. We use these observations to set an upper limit on the ongoing star
formation rate in the HVC of < 5 x 10^-4 Msun yr^-1. We also searched the 2MASS
database for evidence of any dwarf-galaxy-like stellar population in the
direction of the HVC and found no trace of a distant red giant population, with
an upper limit on the stellar mass of ~10^6 Msun. Given the lack of evidence
for either current star formation or an evolved population, we conclude that
Complex H cannot be a dwarf galaxy with properties similar to those of known
dwarfs. Complex H is therefore one of the most massive known HI clouds without
stars. If Complex H is self-gravitating, then it is one of the few known dark
galaxy candidates. These findings may offer observational support for the idea
that the Cold Dark Matter substructure problem is related to the difficulty of
forming stars in low-mass dark matter halos; alternatively, Complex H could be
an example of a cold accretion flow onto the Milky Way. [slightly abridged]Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures (2 in color), 1 table. Accepted for publication
in Ap
The Interstellar Medium of Star-forming Irregular Galaxies: The View with ISO
We present mid-infrared imaging and far-infrared (FIR) spectroscopy of 5 IBm
galaxies observed by ISO as part of our larger study of the inter- stellar
medium of galaxies. Most of the irregulars in our sample are very actively
forming stars. The mid-infrared imaging was in a band centered at 6.75 microns
that is dominated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and in a band
centered at 15 microns that is dominated by small dust grains. The spectroscopy
of 3 of the galaxies includes [CII]158 microns and [OI]63 microns, important
coolants of photodissociation regions (PDRs), and [OIII]88 microns and [NII]122
microns, which come from ionized gas. [OI]145 microns and [OIII]52 microns were
measured in one galaxy as well. These data are combined with PDR and HII region
models to deduce properties of the interstellar medium of these galaxies.Comment: To be published in ApJ, Apr 10, 2001; higher resolution figures
available from ftp.lowell.edu, cd pub/dah/isopaper
Aortic distensibility and coronary artery bypass graft patency
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Aortic distensibility is an elasticity index of the aorta, and reflects aortic stiffness. Coronary artery disease has been found to be substantially associated with increased aortic stiffness. In this study we aimed to retrospectively analyze the association of angiographically determined aortic distensibility with the patency rates of coronary bypass grafts</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The study was conducted in the Cardiology department of the Applied Research Centre for Health of UludaÄź University. The coronary angiograms of 53 consecutive coronary bypass patients were analysed retrospectively. Aortic distensibility was calculated using the formula: 2 Ă— (change in aortic diameter)/(diastolic aortic diameter) Ă— (change in aortic pressure). The number of stenosed and patent bypass grafts and the patient characteristics like age, risk factors were noted.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>There were 44 male (83%) and 9 female (17%) cases. Eighteen cases had only one saphenous vein grafting. The number of cases with two, three and four saphenous grafting were 18, 11 and 1; respectively. In the control angiograms the number of cases with one, two, three and four saphenous vein graft obstruction were 15 (31.3%), 7 (14.6%), 1 (2.1%) and 1 (2.1%) respectively. The aortic distensibility did not differ in cases with and without saphenous graft occlusion (p > 0.05). Also left internal mammary artery (LIMA) graft patency was not related to the distensibility of the aorta (p > 0.05). We also evaluated the data for cut-off values of 50 and 70 mmHg of pulse pressure and did not see any significant difference between the groups in terms of saphenous or LIMA grafts.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In this study we failed to show association of angiographically determined aortic distensibility with coronary bypass graft patency in consecutive 53 patients with coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG).</p
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