Legislação e programas de incentivo para a gestão da procura de energia

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia CivilA energia está intrinsecamente ligada ao desenvolvimento tecnológico e social. Deste modo, não se justifica um crescimento irracional da sua procura e oferta. Assim, surge a necessidade de uma utilização racional dos recursos energéticos, promovendo, em todos os instantes, um pensamento crítico e construtivo do paradigma de utilização de energia. Com o aumento populacional e o desenvolvimento industrial, é cada vez mais notório o aumento de utilização de energia e, dada a procura irresponsável, o aumento de gases com efeito de estufa lançados para a atmosfera. Na União Europeia, os edifícios são responsáveis por 40% da energia utilizada e 36% das emissões de gases com efeito de estufa. Deste modo, esta tem vindo a desenvolver políticas e regulamentos para a construção mais eficiente de edifícios, de forma a mitigar os impactes ambientais e reduzir as necessidades energéticas desde a fase de conceção até à de demolição. O ambiente construído, sustentado nos princípios da economia circular, com edifícios concebidos de forma modular com materiais não tóxicos e transformando a energia de que necessitam, deve ser parte integrante das infraestruturas existentes. Assim, a gestão da procura de energia consiste na promoção da redução da procura em períodos de pico e da utilização racional da mesma, a eficiência energética e a procura responsável. Ou seja, pretende-se repensar a utilização da energia de acordo com a introdução de tarifas dinâmicas que trazem vantagens económicas para os utilizadores, promovendo as abordagens sociais e ambientais no longo caminho para a sustentabilidade. Contudo, os métodos de gestão da procura de energia são essencialmente focados na utilização de eletricidade. Assim, a legislação e políticas públicas necessitam de ser bem articuladas com as tecnologias existentes, a fim de promoverem a mudança de paradigma por parte de toda a sociedade. Consequentemente, os edifícios devem correlacionar-se com a rede elétrica de forma a otimizar o conceito das redes inteligentes de energia e interagir com os seus ocupantes para uma gestão energética eficiente, minimizando desperdícios, promovendo a sustentabilidade ao longo de todo o ciclo de vida, repensando toda a utilização de energia no setor da construção e edificado desde o ponto inicial de projeto. Atualmente as regulamentações e políticas públicas que consideram abordagens sustentáveis, estão constantemente a ser revistas e reformuladas, tentando mitigar as alterações climáticas e impulsionar a eficiência energética. Simultaneamente verifica-se o contínuo desenvolvimento tecnológico, onde a procura de energia e recursos continua a crescer de forma insustentável para o ambiente e por conseguinte para toda a humanidade. A realização de uma análise interpretativa, construtiva e sinergética de todos os conceitos, tendo em consideração uma abordagem holística é assim essencial, com o objetivo de se melhorar o ambiente e a forma como a sociedade se interessa pelo mesmo, melhorando assim o desenvolvimento sustentável da utilização de energia.Energy is intrinsically linked to technological and social development. In this way it is not justified the constantly increasing and unreasonable demand. Therefore, it is necessary to promote the rational use of the energy resources, with critical constructivism thinking about the paradigms of consumption. Nevertheless, given increasing energy consumption, growing global population and the industrial development the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are consequentially increasing and obviously, the unsustainable demand. In the European Union, buildings are responsible for 40% of energy consumption and 36% of greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, it is constantly developing policies and legislation to sustainable buildings, to mitigate the environmental impacts, and reduce the energy demand during all the life cycle, increasing the energy performance of buildings. The built environment builds around circular economy principles, with modular buildings with a cradle-to-cradle approach and nontoxic materials producing energy to their demand should be integrated into the infrastructures. Therefore, demand-side management is a concept to promote energy demand reduction in the peak periods, energy efficiency and demand response. In other words, rethinking energy utilization according to dynamic tariffs which give benefits to all stakeholders, reducing the costs to the consumers, and at the same time improving social and environmental performance in the pathway to sustainability. However, the demand-side management methods are mainly focus on electricity consumption. Therefore, legislation and public policies should be well articulated with technologies to promote paradigm changes in all the society. Hence, buildings should relate to the electrical grid to maximize the concept of smart grids and interact with the occupants to the efficient energy management, minimizing waste, to promote sustainability during all the building lifecycle, rethinking all energy consumption in construction and building industry in first step process of projection. Nowadays, legislation and public policies which consider sustainability approaches are constantly improving, trying to fix the pathways to avoid climate changes and achieve energy efficiency, but at the same time, the energy and resources demand still increasing in a non-sustainable way to the social and environmental aspects and consequently to the humanity. An interpretative, constructive, and synergetic analysis around all the concepts, with a holistic approach, is necessary, with the goal to make the environment healthier and the way that society sees the same, improving the sustainable development

Legislação e programas de incentivo para a gestão da procura de energia

A energia encontra-se atualmente intrinsecamente ligada ao desenvolvimento tecnológico, sendo a fonte de alimentação da maior parte dos sistemas, não se justificando deste modo um crescimento irracional da sua procura e oferta. Na União Europeia, os edifícios são responsáveis por 40% da energia consumida e 36% das emissões de CO2. Deste modo, a UE tem vindo a desenvolver políticas e regulamentos para a construção sustentável, de forma a mitigar os impactes ambientais e reduzir as necessidades energéticas desde a fase de conceção até à demolição. O ambiente construído sustentado nos princípios da economia circular, com edifícios concebidos modularmente com materiais não tóxicos e produzindo mais energia do que a que necessitam, devem ser parte integrante das infraestruturas existentes. Assim, a gestão da procura de energia consiste na promoção da redução da procura em períodos de pico e da utilização racional da mesma. Ou seja, pretende-se repensar a sua utilização de acordo com a introdução de tarifas dinâmicas que trazem vantagens económicas e ambientais, sendo que, através de baixos preços de produção, se promove o uso eficiente de energia e conservação da mesma durante os períodos de baixa procura para utilização durante os períodos de pico. Contudo, quando as decisões políticas acarretam implicações sociais, estas necessitam de ser bem articuladas com as tecnologias existentes, explorando o conceito da ?internet das coisas? para promoção da mudança de paradigma por parte dos intervenientes. Consequentemente, os edifícios devem correlacionar-se com a rede elétrica de forma a otimizar o conceito das ?redes inteligentes? e interagir com os seus ocupantes para uma gestão de recursos eficiente, minimizando desperdícios, promovendo a gestão e procura sustentável ao longo do ciclo de vida. Este artigo, promove uma análise de todos os fatores e implicações por parte dos intervenientes para um desenvolvimento sustentável da utilização eficiente de recursos e energia.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Statement of Second Brazilian Congress of Mechanical Ventilarion : part I

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Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.13Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42·4% vs 44·2%; absolute difference -1·69 [-9·58 to 6·11] p=0·67; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5-8] vs 6 [5-8] cm H2O; p=0·0011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30·5% vs 19·9%; p=0·0004; adjusted effect 16·41% [95% CI 9·52-23·52]; p&lt;0·0001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0·80 [95% CI 0·75-0·86]; p&lt;0·0001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status

Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2008

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq