659 research outputs found
A 15.65 solar mass black hole in an eclipsing binary in the nearby spiral galaxy Messier 33
Stellar-mass black holes are discovered in X-ray emitting binary systems,
where their mass can be determined from the dynamics of their companion stars.
Models of stellar evolution have difficulty producing black holes in close
binaries with masses >10 solar masses, which is consistent with the fact that
the most massive stellar black holes known so all have masses within 1 sigma of
10 solar masses. Here we report a mass of 15.65 +/- 1.45 solar masses for the
black hole in the recently discovered system M33 X-7, which is located in the
nearby galaxy Messier 33 (M33) and is the only known black hole that is in an
eclipsing binary. In order to produce such a massive black hole, the progenitor
star must have retained much of its outer envelope until after helium fusion in
the core was completed. On the other hand, in order for the black hole to be in
its present 3.45 day orbit about its 70.0 +/- 6.9 solar mass companion, there
must have been a ``common envelope'' phase of evolution in which a significant
amount of mass was lost from the system. We find the common envelope phase
could not have occured in M33 X-7 unless the amount of mass lost from the
progenitor during its evolution was an order of magnitude less than what is
usually assumed in evolutionary models of massive stars.Comment: To appear in Nature October 18, 2007. Four figures (one color figure
degraded). Differs slightly from published version. Supplementary Information
follows in a separate postin
Building social capital through breastfeeding peer support: Insights from an evaluation of a voluntary breastfeeding peer support service in North-West England
Background:
Peer support is reported to be a key method to help build social capital in communities. To date there are no studies that describe how this can be achieved through a breastfeeding peer support service. In this paper we present findings from an evaluation of a voluntary model of breastfeeding peer support in North-West England to describe how the service was operationalized and embedded into the community. This study was undertaken from May, 2012 to May, 2013.
Methods:
Interviews (group or individual) were held with 87 participants: 24 breastfeeding women, 13 peer supporters and 50 health and community professionals. The data contained within 23 monthly monitoring reports (January, 2011 to February 2013) compiled by the voluntary peer support service were also extracted and analysed.
Results:
Thematic analysis was undertaken using social capital concepts as a theoretical lens. Key findings were identified to resonate with ’bonding’, ‘bridging’ and ‘linking’ forms of social capital. These insights illuminate how the peer support service facilitates ‘bonds’ with its members, and within and between women who access the service; how the service ‘bridges’ with individuals from different interests and backgrounds, and how ‘links’ were forged with those in authority to gain access and reach to women and to promote a breastfeeding culture. Some of the tensions highlighted within the social capital literature were also identified.
Conclusions:
Horizontal and vertical relationships forged between the peer support service and community members enabled peer support to be embedded into care pathways, helped to promote positive attitudes to breastfeeding and to disseminate knowledge and maximise reach for breastfeeding support across the community. Further effort to engage with those of different ethnic backgrounds and to resolve tensions between peer supporters and health professionals is warranted
Debris Disks: Probing Planet Formation
Debris disks are the dust disks found around ~20% of nearby main sequence
stars in far-IR surveys. They can be considered as descendants of
protoplanetary disks or components of planetary systems, providing valuable
information on circumstellar disk evolution and the outcome of planet
formation. The debris disk population can be explained by the steady
collisional erosion of planetesimal belts; population models constrain where
(10-100au) and in what quantity (>1Mearth) planetesimals (>10km in size)
typically form in protoplanetary disks. Gas is now seen long into the debris
disk phase. Some of this is secondary implying planetesimals have a Solar
System comet-like composition, but some systems may retain primordial gas.
Ongoing planet formation processes are invoked for some debris disks, such as
the continued growth of dwarf planets in an unstirred disk, or the growth of
terrestrial planets through giant impacts. Planets imprint structure on debris
disks in many ways; images of gaps, clumps, warps, eccentricities and other
disk asymmetries, are readily explained by planets at >>5au. Hot dust in the
region planets are commonly found (<5au) is seen for a growing number of stars.
This dust usually originates in an outer belt (e.g., from exocomets), although
an asteroid belt or recent collision is sometimes inferred.Comment: Invited review, accepted for publication in the 'Handbook of
Exoplanets', eds. H.J. Deeg and J.A. Belmonte, Springer (2018
First results from the Cassini radio occultations of the Titan ionosphere
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/95691/1/jgra19260.pd
Unique White Dwarfs Accompanying Recycled Pulsars
I introduce the two classes of pulsar, white-dwarf binaries, and describe for
each what we have learned from a specific system, PSR J1012+5307 and PSR
B0655+64, respectively, summarising what has been done, presenting new results,
and discussing what the future may hold. Briefly, for the companion of PSR
J1012+5307 we find a DA spectrum, and infer a mass of about 0.16Msun, the
lowest among all spectroscopically identified white dwarfs. Combined with a
radial-velocity orbit, a neutron-star mass between 1.5 and 3.2Msun (95% conf.)
is derived. The companion of PSR B0655+64 shows strong Swan C2 bands, i.e., it
is a DQ star. Unlike anything reported for other DQs, however, it shows
variations in strength of the bands by a factor two. Most likely, the
variations are periodic, with a period of about 9.7h. This is substantially
shorter than the 1-day orbital period, which can likely be understood in terms
of its past evolution.Comment: 6 pages of text and 2 figures, LaTeX using crckapb.sty (included) and
psfig.sty. To appear in Proc. 10th European Workshop on white dwarfs (Eds.
Isern, Hernanz, & Garcia-Berro
Accreting Millisecond X-Ray Pulsars
Accreting Millisecond X-Ray Pulsars (AMXPs) are astrophysical laboratories
without parallel in the study of extreme physics. In this chapter we review the
past fifteen years of discoveries in the field. We summarize the observations
of the fifteen known AMXPs, with a particular emphasis on the multi-wavelength
observations that have been carried out since the discovery of the first AMXP
in 1998. We review accretion torque theory, the pulse formation process, and
how AMXP observations have changed our view on the interaction of plasma and
magnetic fields in strong gravity. We also explain how the AMXPs have deepened
our understanding of the thermonuclear burst process, in particular the
phenomenon of burst oscillations. We conclude with a discussion of the open
problems that remain to be addressed in the future.Comment: Review to appear in "Timing neutron stars: pulsations, oscillations
and explosions", T. Belloni, M. Mendez, C.M. Zhang Eds., ASSL, Springer;
[revision with literature updated, several typos removed, 1 new AMXP added
Microtubules Remodel Actomyosin Networks in Xenopus Egg Extracts via Two Mechanisms of F-Actin Transport
Interactions between microtubules and filamentous actin (F-actin) are crucial for many cellular processes, including cell locomotion and cytokinesis, but are poorly understood. To define the basic principles governing microtubule/F-actin interactions, we used dual-wavelength digital fluorescence and fluorescent speckle microscopy to analyze microtubules and F-actin labeled with spectrally distinct fluorophores in interphase Xenopus egg extracts. In the absence of microtubules, networks of F-actin bundles zippered together or exhibited serpentine gliding along the coverslip. When microtubules were nucleated from Xenopus sperm centrosomes, they were released and translocated away from the aster center. In the presence of microtubules, F-actin exhibited two distinct, microtubule-dependent motilities: rapid (∼250–300 nm/s) jerking and slow (∼50 nm/s), straight gliding. Microtubules remodeled the F-actin network, as F-actin jerking caused centrifugal clearing of F-actin from around aster centers. F-actin jerking occurred when F-actin bound to motile microtubules powered by cytoplasmic dynein. F-actin straight gliding occurred when F-actin bundles translocated along the microtubule lattice. These interactions required Xenopus cytosolic factors. Localization of myosin-II to F-actin suggested it may power F-actin zippering, while localization of myosin-V on microtubules suggested it could mediate interactions between microtubules and F-actin. We examine current models for cytokinesis and cell motility in light of these findings
Formation of Millisecond Pulsars from Intermediate- and Low-Mass X-ray Binaries
We present a systematic study of the evolution of intermediate- and low-mass
X-ray binaries consisting of an accreting neutron star of mass and a donor star of mass . In our calculations we
take into account physical processes such as unstable disk accretion, radio
ejection, bump-induced detachment, and outflow from the point.
Comparing the calculated results with the observations of binary radio pulsars,
we report the following results. (1) The allowed parameter space for forming
binary pulsars in the initial orbital period - donor mass plane increases with
increasing neutron star mass. This may help explain why some MSPs with orbital
periods longer than days seem to have less massive white dwarfs than
expected. Alternatively, some of these wide binary pulsars may be formed
through mass transfer driven by planet/brown dwarf-involved common envelope
evolution. (2) Some of the pulsars in compact binaries might have evolved from
intermediate-mass X-ray binaries with anomalous magnetic braking. (3) The
equilibrium spin periods of neutron stars in low-mass X-ray binaries are in
general shorter than the observed spin periods of binary pulsars by more than
one order of magnitude, suggesting that either the simple equilibrium spin
model does not apply, or there are other mechanisms/processes spinning down the
neutron stars.Comment: 34 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
Properties of discrete X-ray sources in the starburst spiral galaxy M83
We have identified 127 discrete sources in a Chandra observation of M83, with
a detection limit of ~ 3 x 10^{36} erg/s in the 0.3-8.0 keV band. We discuss
the individual properties of about 20 bright sources with L_x >~ 10^{38} erg/s,
and the statistical properties of the whole sample. About 1/3 of the bright
sources show X-ray spectra with a bb component at kT <~ 1 keV, plus a p-law
component with Gamma ~ 2.5, typical of X-ray binaries (XRBs) in a soft state;
another third have p-law spectra with Gamma ~ 1.5, consistent with XRBs in a
hard state. Two bright sources show emission lines on a hard p-law continuum,
and are probably XRBs surrounded by a photo-ionized nebula or stellar wind.
Among the other bright sources, we also identified two SNR candidates, with
optically-thin thermal plasma spectra at kT ~ 0.5 keV. The two brightest
supersoft sources have T_bb ~ 70 eV and L_x ~ 10^{38} erg/s. Two candidate
X-ray pulsars are detected with periods ~ 200 s. Another source corresponds to
the core of a background FRII radio galaxy. The discrete sources can be divided
into three groups, based on their spatial, color and luminosity distributions.
The first group comprises supersoft sources with no detected emission above 1
keV. The second group consists of soft sources with little or no detected
emission above 2 keV. They are strongly correlated with H-alpha emission in the
spiral arms and starburst nucleus, tracing a young population. Their relative
abundance depends on the current level of star-formation. Most of them are
likely to be SNRs. The sources in the third group are mostly XRBs (in a soft or
hard state), reaching higher X-ray luminosities than sources in the other two
groups. Being a mixture of old low-mass and young high-mass systems, the whole
group appears to be of intermediate age when correlated with H-alpha.Comment: 25 pages, A&A, in press (submitted december 2002, accepted july 2003
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