The effect of addition high rape cake and phytase on nutritive value of diets for broiler chickens

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high rape cake content and phytase added to phosphorus and calcium deficient diets on the nutritive value for broiler chickens. Two experiments were performed: a growth experiment on four groups of one-day-old broilers Ross 308, 30 birds per group (6 replications x 5 birds) and a digestibility experiment on 60 chickens divided into four groups of 20 birds (4 replications of 5 birds). The digestibility of the starter diets were evaluated on chickens at 7 days of age and of grower diets at 28 days of age. The diets used in the digestibility tests were the same for the growth trial. In the growth experiment four diets were prepared for the due periods: starters (1-21 day) and growers (22-49 day of chicken life). The control diet (SBM) did not contain rape cake, while experimental diets contained 15% (starters) and 20% (growers) rape cake of Lirajet cultivar. The experimental diet denoted RC HP had P and Ca contents equal the control diet (phosphorus about 7.5 g and calcium about 10 g.kg-1), while the diet denoted as RC LP contained less P and Ca (5.8 g and 6.8 g.kg-1 respectively) than the control and RC HP diets. The diet denoted RC LP+ Phy was supplemented with an enzyme preparation containing phytase at a quantity of 875 FYT.kg-1. Application of 15% of rape cake into starter and 20% into grower diets (RC HP) allowed for similar body weights and feed conversion ratio as the control group, whereas reduction of phosphorus and calcium content in the starter diet (RC LP) significantly decreased body weight at day 21. The addition of phytase to the starter diet with low level of phosphorus and calcium showed the tendency to improve body weight in this period. Application of rape cake into starter and grower diets had poor effects on fat digestibility in all groups, whereas supplementation of grower diets with a low level of phytase phosphorus and calcium improved the digestibility of total phosphorus in comparison to the control and RC HP diets. A tendency to improve the performance results for diets with rape cake (RC HP) in comparison to the control diet in the second period of fattening (grower diets) was observed. Application of rape cake into the diets had a significantly beneficial effect on slaughter yield, fleshiness and fatty acid composition of meat, but not so on the heart muscle, whereas phytase did not have an influence on slaughter results. It was concluded that rape cake can be used in broiler diets, but a quantity of 15% in the starter and 20% in the grower diet may have a negative effect on the heart of so fed birds

Badania uniwersyteckie w okresie przejściowym - streszczenie raportu OECD

Universities are key elements of the system of science in all OECD countries. Not only do they conduct scientific studies, but they also train scientists and highly qualified personnel. Important changes have taken place in recent years in the university setting that have had an impact on their research mission. Universities are becoming ever more diversified in respect to structure and more oriented to economic and industrial needs, but at the same time, which is especially evident in the countries of Continental Europe, they are admitting more students. All of this gives rise to the question, what to do so that universities will continue to make their unique contribution to long-range basic research and maintain a proper balance between research, teaching and the transfer of knowledge? Generally speaking, universities are reacting positively to the changes taking place around them and are able to adapt to them. They are evolving to new roles and tasks awaiting them in the 21st century. The article also discusses current trends and some of their long term implications, including the funding of university research studies and their internationalisation.Uniwersytety i inne szkoły wyższe są podstawowymi elementami systemu nauki we wszystkich krajach OECD. Nie tylko prowadzą badania naukowe, ale także kształcą naukowców i wysoko wykwalifikowany personel. W ostatnich latach w środowisku uniwersytetów zaszły istotne zmiany, które wpłynęły na ich misję badawczą. Uniwersytety stają się coraz silniej zróżnicowane pod względem struktury i bardziej zorientowane na potrzeby gospodarki i przemysłu, a jednocześnie, co jest szczególnie widoczne w krajach Europy kontynentalnej, przyjmują więcej studentów. Wszystko to rodzi pytanie, co należy uczynić, aby uniwersytety nadal mogły wnosić jedyny w swoim rodzaju wkład w długofalowe badania podstawowe oraz utrzymywać odpowiednią równowagę między funkcjami badawczą, dydaktyczną i transferu wiedzy. Uniwersytety na ogół pozytywnie reagują na zmiany zachodzące wokół nich i potrafią się do nich dostosować. Ewoluują ku nowym rolom i zadaniom czekającym je w XXI wieku. W artykule tym omawiane są następujące tendencje oraz niektóre ich długoterminowe implikacje. Zmniejszenie środków państwowych na sferę B+R. W większości krajów OECD rządy redukują wydatki budżetowe na badania i rozwój, co często prowadzi do utrzymania na tym samym poziomie albo nawet zmniejszania wysokości środków przeznaczonych na badania prowadzone w uniwersytetach. Tradycyjnie państwo finansowało 80% lub więcej badań uniwersyteckich jako „dobro publiczne” , ale udział ten zmniejsza się, wskutek czego uczelnie muszą szukać innych źródeł wsparcia

Tourism and heritage in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone

Tourism and Heritage in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ) uses an ethnographic lens to explore the dissonances associated with the commodification of Chornobyl's heritage. The book considers the role of the guides as experience brokers, focusing on the synergy between tourists and guides in the performance of heritage interpretation. Banaszkiewicz proposes to perceive tour guides as important actors in the bottom-up construction of heritage discourse contributing to more inclusive and participatory approach to heritage management. Demonstrating that the CEZ has been going through a dynamic transformation into a mass tourism attraction, the book offers a critical reflection on heritagisation as a meaning-making process in which the resources of the past are interpreted, negotiated, and recognised as a valuable legacy. Applying the concepts of dissonant heritage to describe the heterogeneous character of the CEZ, the book broadens the interpretative scope of dark tourism which takes on a new dimension in the context of the war in Ukraine. Tourism and Heritage in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone argues that post-disaster sites such as Chornobyl can teach us a great deal about the importance of preserving cultural and natural heritage for future generations. The book will be of interest to academics and students who are engaged in the study of heritage, tourism, memory, disasters and Eastern Europe

Images of women in tourist catalogues in semiotic perspective

The article attempts to read semiotically a transmission of informational and promotional character in the form of tourist catalogues, focusing primarily on representations of women. The starting point for the analysis of content has become a theoretical discussion about the importance of catalogues for the tourist experience. A sociolinguistic paradigm proposed by Graham Danna has been adopted as a fundamental framework. The research project was to analyse the content (images) of catalogues published by the largest Polish tour operators. The women in the photographs were divided into two basic categories: tourists (alone, in couples, with a family or in a group of friends) and non-tourists. It was shown that the images of women to a large extent duplicate patterns of gender representations rooted in the Euro-American culture. The catalogues themselves precondition the way of spending the holiday by tourists who seek to adjust their individual experience to the canons presented in promotional and informational materials

New views of the solar wind with the Lambert W function

This paper presents closed-form analytic solutions to two illustrative problems in solar physics that have been considered not solvable in this way previously. Both the outflow speed and the mass loss rate of the solar wind of plasma particles ejected by the Sun are derived analytically for certain illustrative approximations. The calculated radial dependence of the flow speed applies to both Parker's isothermal solar wind equation and Bondi's equation of spherical accretion. These problems involve the solution of transcendental equations containing products of variables and their logarithms. Such equations appear in many fields of physics and are solvable by use of the Lambert W function, which is briefly described. This paper is an example of how new functions can be applied to existing problems.Comment: 16 pages (revtex4), 3 figures, American J. Phys., in press (2004

Fun in the power plant : edutainment in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone tourism

In the recent years, there has been a significant rise in the popularity of tours organized to the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ). A visit paid to the Zone usually exceeds the basic understanding of the Zone raised on stereotypes and opens a new horizon of deeper exploration of the complexity of this site. The aim of the chapter is to depict the educational potential of the tours organized to the Zone (not necessarily limiting themselves to the issues connected simply with the nuclear energy). The par-ticular attention will be paid to the tension between education and entertaining that is considered to be a fundamental facet of visitors engagement in the intellectual process. Presentation of this topic will be based on a content analysis of the programs, participant observation and interviews with the organizers

Rosyjska turystyka kulturowa w Krakowie

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przyjrzenie się zjawisku rosyjskiej turystyki kulturowej w Krakowie. Rozważania oparte są przede wszystkim na danych zebranych w materiałach statystycznych dotyczących ruchu turystycznego, analizach prowadzonych na zlecenie Polskiej Organizacji Turystyki oraz doświadczeniu własnym i biura podróży specjalizującego się w turystyce przyjazdowej z Europy Wschodniej. Choć nie są to wyniki badań odbywających się w ramach jakiegoś określonego projektu, wydaje się, że kilka poniższych refleksji może okazać się pomocnych w realizacji niedawno zaktualizowanej Strategii marketingowej Polski [Strategia marketingowa Polski..., dok. elektr.], gdzie jedną z omawianych grup docelowych są właśnie turyści rosyjscy. Tekst rozpoczyna krótka charakterystyka rosyjskiego rynku turystyki wyjazdowej. W jej kontekście przedstawia się Polskę jako cel turystyczny. Omówione zostają dane statystyczne, a następnie wyjaśnia się przyczyny niewielkiej jak dotąd, konkurencyjności naszego kraju w porównaniu z innymi regionami cieszącymi się zainteresowaniem Rosjan. W zasadniczej części tekstu autorka omawia turystykę rosyjską w Krakowie, odnosząc się do cech charakterystycznych miejskiej turystyki kulturowej. Zakończenie krótko podsumowuje mocne i słabe strony Krakowa jako celu turystycznego oraz prezentuje kilka sugestii działań, które mogłyby poprawić jakość usług świadczonych dla rosyjskiego klienta.The aim of this article is to examine the phenomenon of Russian cultural tourism in Cracow. This text is mostly based on statistical data concerning tourist movement, on the analysis prepared on request of the Polish National Tourist Office and on personal experience gained working as a tourist guide in Cracow and one of travel agency specializing in incoming tourism from Eastern Europe. Although, this article does not result from long-term, intentionally-conducted research, it may become a helpful reflection, especially handy in implementing Tourism Marketing Strategy for Poland. The text starts with a short characteristic of the Russian outbound tourism market and of Poland as one of the destinations. It tries to explain why Poland is not a competitive destination in comparison with other regions popular among Russians. The main part of the article presents Russian tourism in Cracow, taking into consideration some fundamental features of typical urban cultural tourism. The summary shows a few possible changes which can improve Cracow offer

The transgressive approach toward dark tourism experience : stalkerism in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zjawiska stalkeryzmu (rodzaj nielegalnej turystyki) w Czarnobylskiej Strefie Wykluczenia. Artykuł bada specyfikę doświadczenia stalkera poprzez pojęcie transgresji (Kozielecki 2007). Artykuł poszerza perspektywę doświadczenia turystycznego, wykorzystując koncepcję psychologiczną, która nie była dotychczas szeroko wykorzystywana w badaniach nad turystyką, choć odwołuje się do klasycznych koncepcji (liminalność, rytuały przejścia, transformacja). Przedstawiono genezę i specyfikę zjawiska stalkeryzmu w kontekście rozwoju turystyki zorganizowanej w Strefie. Następnie opisano wykroczenia stalkerów podczas eksploracji Strefy. Na koniec artykuł ukazuje, w jaki sposób stalkeryzm przyczynia się do przemian turystyki i rozwoju dziedzictwa Strefy

Numerical Modeling of Cyclic Creep-Fatigue Damage Development for Lifetime Assessment of Steam Turbine Components

The paper presents the results of numerical analysis of creep-fatigue damage development in a steam turbine rotor under cyclic duty. Investigations were performed for a full cycle representing the most accurate description of real operation and three simplified cycles representative of different levels of simplification in inelastic strains modeling. It was shown by numerical simulations that significant inaccuracies in creep-fatigue damage predictions, reaching an order of magnitude in deviation of inelastic strains, cannot be excluded when simplified models are used. It is thus concluded that full consideration of creep-fatigue damage at real operating conditions requires proper modeling of stress/strain histories using visco-elastic-plastic material models