Monthly Average Solar Radiation and Angstrom-Prescott Model for Islamabad, Pakistan

For any solar energy utilization, it is essential to know the value of radiation on an hourly basis and monthly basis. Generally, for Islamabad, Pakistan, available data are limited, and it is difficult to correctly evaluate the harnessed solar energy. In this paper, the monthly average solar radiation of Islamabad on an hourly basis has been presented, as compared to the available yearly average data in the literature. Moreover, the Angstrom–Prescott constant for Islamabad, Pakistan, has been calculated. The proposed relation has the error of radiation less than 1.5%

Multiparameter Structural Optimization of Pressure Vessel with Two Nozzles

Structural analysis of pressure equipment (vessels) has always been a huge challenge for researchers. Pressure vessels are usually subjected to different loads in exploitation and small defects can lead to failure of the equipment, which may result in loss of life, health hazards and damage of property. Modern approach of stress and strain analysis of the influence of welded nozzles on pressure vessels involves numerical and experimental testing. In this research, 3D Digital Image Correlation (DIC) method for analyzing full field surface strain and stress, including camera system in combination with Aramis software, was used. After determination of critical areas with highest von Mises stresses and strain concentrations, numerical analysis of equivalent 3D model was performed in Ansys Workbench software. The aim of this paper is to present detailed parameter optimization of pressure vessel with two nozzles based on finite element analysis (FEA) of the structure. Several geometrical parameters were varied to obtain the optimum geometry of the pressure vessel, capable of withstanding the service load without plastic deformation. It is shown that carried out optimization gives the minimum weight of pressure vessel with optimized wall and nozzle thicknesses for the given load

Deliberate self-harm and suicide: a review from Pakistan.

Suicide is now considered a major public health problem, especially in low income countries. A systematic review was conducted to identify risk factors and causes of deliberate self-harm and suicide in Pakistan - a Muslim, South Asian nation. In addition, the role of emergency department-based surveillance is explored. Four electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL Plus, MDConsult, PakMediNet) were searched and 23 studies were reviewed. Risk factors for deliberate self-harm included young age (less than 35 years), being female, occupation (housewives), being married and low socio-economic status, while reported risk factors for suicide were young age (less than 35 years), male gender, being married and low socio-economic status. Medications were commonly used for deliberate self-harm while firearm, hanging and organophosphorus poisoning were more frequent means for suicide. The most common reported cause for both health outcomes was interpersonal conflict. There is accumulating evidence that deliberate self-harm and suicide have increased in recent years in Pakistan. There is a need for greater attention and in-depth studies to elaborate on causative mechanisms for these public health issues