Elizabeth Cary and Intersections of Catholicism and Gender in Early Modern England

Historians have analyzed the life of Elizabeth Cary, Lady Falkland, primarily in the context of her highly publicized conversion to Catholicism and her equally public separation from her Protestant husband, Henry Cary. Through this scrutiny, she has become one among many English Catholic recusant heroines. Literary critics, in contrast, have celebrated Cary\u27s literary corpus both for its challenge to traditional ideals of early modern women as chaste, silent, and obedient and for its reevaluation of women\u27s roles within marriage.1 To circumscribe our understandings of Cary in such ways obscures one of her greatest contributions. Elizabeth Cary, albeit unintentionally, provided an alternative model of Catholic woman hood that sought to negotiate a new balance between religion and gender, thus challenging assumptions about women\u27s roles in English Catholic communities and about the rigid character of Catholicism in the Reformation era

O tolerancyjnej nietolerancji słów kilka, czyli ksiądz i papieros

The author of the article concentrated on the times when cigarettes began to become popular at the turn of 19th and 20th centuries. There were no bans on advertisements of cigarettes and no anti-smoking acts. Based on various sources the author comes to a conclusion that smoking cigarettes by the clergy was not considered a heavy offence against morality. It was seen as something inappropriate and shameful for a clergyman to do, but mainly when they did it in public. So one could in theory talk about declared intolerance for smoking in public and tolerance for smoking in private space. In practice smoking more and more often met in those two spaces as a sign of social changes which also affected the clergy

Głosy sprzed stu lat, czyli o potrzebie reformy kształcenia i wychowania w rzymskokatolickich seminariach duchownych na ziemiach polskich na początku XX w.

The article concerns the issues that found expression in the church press and during clergy meetings at the beginning of the 20th century. Then a discussion broke out on the need to reform education and upbringing in theological seminaries. The reasons for the failures of the seminary system, included unfavorable political conditions, low requirements for candidates, short study period, incompatibility of curricula with the changing requirements of social life, lack of appropriate textbooks and teaching methods, and a small and constantly changing number of lecturers. Students of theological seminaries in the Kingdom of Poland usually did not have thorough theological education or a passion for learning. Therefore, there was a demand to raise the intellectual level and education standards of the clergy so as to strengthen the weakening bond between Catholicism and the intelligentsia. It was considered very important to introduce lectures on sociology and pedagogy into seminars. In order to deepen the intellectual and spiritual formation of the students, it was also proposed to raise the requirements for the seminary staff and to ensure more frequent contacts between superiors and students.W artykule podjęto problematykę, która na początku XX w. znalazła swój wyraz na łamach prasy kościelnej oraz w trakcie zjazdów duchowieństwa. Rozgorzała wówczas dyskusja nad potrzebą reformy kształcenia i wychowania w seminariach duchownych. Wśród przyczyn niedomogów systemu seminaryjnego, obok niesprzyjających uwarunkowań politycznych, wymieniano niskie wymogi stawiane kandydatom, krótki czas studiów, nieprzystawalność programów nauczania do zmieniających się wymagań życia społecznego, brak odpowiednich podręczników i metod nauczania oraz zbyt mała i ciągle zmieniająca się liczba wykładowców. Wychowankowie seminariów duchownych, w Królestwie Polskim przeważnie nie wynosili gruntow­nego wykształcenia teologicznego i zamiłowania do nauki. Domagano się zatem podniesienia poziomu intelektualnego oraz standardów kształcenia duchowieństwa tak, aby wzmocnić słabnącą więź katolicyzmu z inteligencją. Za pożądane uznawano wprowadzenie do seminariów wykładów z socjologii i pedagogiki. W celu pogłębienia formacji intelektualno-duchowej alumnów postulowano również podniesienie wymagań stawianych kadrze seminaryjnej oraz zadbanie o częstsze kontakty przełożonych z wychowankami

The Chronicle of the Parish of St. Idzi in Choceń (1145–1913) by Rev. Władysław Siemaszko (Diocese of Włocławek)

Kroniki parafialne oraz przekazy o podobnym charakterze stanowią nierzadko jedno z najważniejszych źródeł do historii określonej parafii, miejscowości i lokalnej społeczności. Kronika parafii Choceń autorstwa ks. Władysława Siemaszki została spisana w latach 1914-1918 i obejmuje okres od XII wieku do 1913 roku. Podzielona jest na dwie części. Pierwsza (30% całości kroniki), składająca się z czterech rozdziałów, poświęcona jest dziejom parafii Choceń od XII wieku do 1896 roku. Została w niej zarysowana historia wsi i parafii Choceń, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem uposażenia parafii oraz krótką charakterystyką jej rządców. Druga część (70% całości kroniki), zawierająca dziewięć rozdziałów, opowiada o nowych dziejach parafii choceńskiej, czyli od momentu przybycia do niej w styczniu 1897 roku ks. W. Siemaszki. Autor kolejno przedstawia stan materialny i sytuację społeczno-gospodarczą w parafii, którą zastał po przyjeździe do Chocenia (kościół, budynki parafialne, grunty parafialne, wsie należące do parafii, dwory, strukturę własnościową, liczbę ludności). Dużo zapisów dotyczy budowy nowej plebanii, nowych budynków gospodarczych i nowego kościoła oraz wysiłków podejmowanych w związku z tymi przedsięwzięciami. Kronikę kończy opis wizyty i konsekracji kościoła dokonanej przez bp. Stanisława Zdzitowieckiego we wrześniu 1913 roku. Edycja kroniki parafii choceńskiej (diecezja włocławska) ks. Siemaszki jest realizacją postulatu zgłaszanego przez historyków, a dotyczącego edycji źródeł do dziejów Kościoła w Polsce, w tym zwłaszcza kronik parafialnych. Parish chronicles and documents of a similar nature are often one of the most important sources for the history of a particular parish, town, village and local community. The chronicle of the Choceń parish by Rev. Władysław Siemaszko was written in 1914–1918 and it covers the period from the 12th century to 1913. It is divided into two parts. The first (30% of the chronicle), consisting of four chapters, is devoted to the history of the Choceń parish from the 12th century to 1896. It outlines the history of the village and parish of Choceń, with particular emphasis on the parish’s endowment and a brief description of its administrators. The second part (70% of the chronicle), consisting of nine chapters, tells the new history of the Choceń parish, that is, from the arrival of Rev. W. Siemaszko in January 1897. The author successively presents the material condition and socio-economic situation in the parish, which he found upon his arrival in Choceń (church, parish buildings, parish lands, villages belonging to the parish, manors, ownership structure, population). Many of the entries address the construction of a new parsonage, new outbuildings and a new church, and the efforts made in connection with these projects. The chronicle ends with a description of the visit and consecration of the church by Bishop Stanisław Zdzitowiecki in September 1913. The edition of the chronicle of the Choceń parish (Włocławek Diocese) by Rev. Siemaszko is the realization of a demand made by historians regarding the editing of sources for the history of the Church in Poland, especially parish chronicles

Product Design: A Review and Research Agenda for Management Studies

This paper reviews research on product design in the broad domain of business studies. It highlights established and emerging perspectives and lines of inquiry, and organizes them around three core areas, corresponding to different stages of the design process (design activities, design choices, design results). Avenues for further research at the intersection of these bodies of research are identified and discussed, and the authors argue that management scholars possess conceptual and methodological tools suited to enriching research on design and effectively pursuing lines of investigation only partially addressed by other communities, such as the construction and deployment of design capabilities, or the organizational and institutional context of design activities

Wielding the brazen serpent:The variety and power of biblical typology in early modern Scotland

In early modern Scotland, both ministers and the laity used typology as a key way of interpreting the Bible, discerning a variety of powerful ways that biblical types resonated in their own context. This article focuses on one of the most frequently expounded types in this period: the brazen serpent. It begins by exploring how its appearances in Numbers, 2 Kings, and John’s Gospel were expounded in Scotland, showing that while types were principally figures of Christ they also had a variety of edifying and rhetorical applications. This article then takes William Guild’s use of the brazen serpent in his typological handbook, commentaries, and sermons as a case study, to illustrate how typology functioned in practice, contending that biblical types played an important role in allowing early modern exegetes to shift or reinforce their expositions, without resorting to more figurative methods of interpretation that were frequently rejected by Reformed theologians

Unworking Milton: Steps to a Georgics of the Mind

Traditionally read as a poem about laboring subjects who gain power through abstract and abstracting forms of bodily discipline, John Milton’s Paradise Lost (1667, 1674) more compellingly foregrounds the erotics of the Garden as a space where humans and nonhumans intra-act materially and sexually. Following Christopher Hill, who long ago pointed to not one but two revolutions in the history of seventeenth-century English radicalism—the first, ‘the one which succeeded[,] . . . the protestant ethic’; and the second, ‘the revolution which never happened,’ which sought ‘communal property, a far wider democracy[,] and rejected the protestant ethic’—I show how Milton’s Paradise Lost gives substance to ‘the revolution which never happened’ by imagining a commons, indeed a communism, in which human beings are not at the center of things, but rather constitute one part of the greater ecology of mind within Milton’s poem. In the space created by this ecological reimagining, plants assume a new agency. I call this reimagining ‘ecology to come.