Mutu Fisik Bubuk Kunyit (Curcuma domestica Val.) Hasil Pengeringan Microwave Berdasarkan Proses Blanching yang Berbeda

Curcuma domestica Val. is a kind of spice that can be processed become several kinds of processed products such as flavor and herb. The height of water content and water activity in Curcuma causes damage and decrease of curcuma quality. One of the correct handles to get qualified products with good quality and to decrease the damage is by doing blanching process and drainage using the microwave. This study aimed to determine the physical quality characteristics of dried turmeric based on the difference in microwave power and the type of blanching process. The experiment used in this study was a completely randomized design with two factors, namely: microwave power (307, 402, and 577 W) and types of blanching (hot water and steam). The data obtained was characteristic of the physical quality of turmeric powder comprising color, agglomeration angle, precipitation density, water absorption, and oil absorption. The result of the study indicated that the water content of fresh turmeric was between 92.11-94.41% and the dried turmeric was between 3.48-4.56%. The characteristic of physical quality of turmeric powder has brightness level (L) between 61.1-66.5; reddish level (a) between 13.2-18.; yellowish level (b) between 40.8-53.0; precipitation density between 0.31-0.36 g/cm3; agglomeration angle between 42.7o-46.1o; the water absorption between 4.6-5.8 mL/g; and the oil absorption between 1.43-1.63 mL/g. Microwave-dried turmeric powder with both blanching processes produced physical quality that met SNI 01-7084-1995 standards with brightness, reddish, yellowish level, bulk density, and agglomeration angle in steam blanching process higher than hot water blanching. Keywords: completely randomized design, drying, hot water, steam, turmeric powde

Evaluasi Kehandalan Reaktor Biogas Skala Rumah Tangga di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dengan Metode Analisis Fault Tree

Biogas technology is one of the solutions for improving sanitation, environment, economy and energy conservation especially for smallholder farmers who are applying mixed crop and livestock farming. Indonesia Domestic Biogas Programme (BIRU) has been implemented in DIY since 2009. However, the household digesters that operate effectively only accounts for less than 50% of the total existing digesters in 2017. These problems should be identified and analyzed for more effective implementation and efficient operation of small-sized biogas system in the future. This research applied fault tree analysis (FTA) method to identify failures and evaluated their effects on the operation of small-sized biogas based on processes, physical component, and human factor point of view. Fourty-one sets of BIRU biogas were selected and sampled using stratified purposive random sampling method. Nineteen minimal cut set and three subsystems were defined, which included process failures, infrastructure failures, and human errors. The fault probabilities of the three subsystems were found to be 0.79; 0.59; and 0.96, respectively. It implied that human error gave the highest probability of errors, followed by process failure, while the physical structure of the reactor had been sufficiently well controlled. This study suggested that careful selection on prospective users should be conducted prior to installation, to ensure the motivation of the users in maintaining the reactor in good conditions. Besides, trainings and assistance system are also required to improve the skills of the user to maintain the performance of their reactor.ABSTRAKTeknologi biogas merupakan salah satu solusi untuk menyelesaikan masalah energi, sanitasi, lingkungan, dan ekonomi bagi masyarakat daerah pedesaan yang menerapkan sistem pertanian terpadu. Program pembangunan biogas telah banyak dilakukan di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta salah satunya melalui program Biogas Rumah (BIRU) dengan tingkat keberhasilan program yang belum memuaskan dengan angka keberhasilan di bawah 50%. Evaluasi kehandalan sistem biogas BIRU dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode fault tree analysis (FTA). Metode ini mencakup seluruh aspek yang mempengaruhi beroperasinya sebuah sistem biogas baik dari segi proses, komponen fisik (infrastruktur), maupun faktor manusia. Sebanyak 41 unit biogas yang mengalami kegagalan diteliti setelah dipilih dengan metode stratified purposive random sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode FTA cocok digunakan sebagai metode evaluasi kehandalan sehingga faktor penyebab kegagalan dan nilai probabilitas setiap faktor dapat diketahui. Dengan metode FTA, diperoleh hasil bahwa penyebab kegagalan sistem biogas berupa 19 minimal cut set yang dapat dikelompokkan dalam subsistem kegagalan proses, kegagalan komponen (infrastruktur), dan human errors dengan nilai probabilitas kegagalan masing-masing 0,79; 0,59; dan 0,96. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kemungkinan terbesar kegagalan proses disebabkan oleh faktor manusia, kemudian disusul oleh faktor proses, sementara faktor komponen fisik reaktor sudah cukup baik kualitasnya. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa untuk aplikasi teknologi biogas skala rumah tangga, seleksi calon pengguna harus dilakukan dengan teliti untuk menjamin motivasi calon. Selain itu, diperlukan pelatihan dan pendampingan untuk mempersiapkan calon pengguna agar mampu memelihara keberlanjutan teknologi biogas tersebut

Penentuan Daya Tampung Beban Pencemaran Sungai Bedadung Ruas Kaliwates Berdasarkan Keberadaan Agroindustri Tahu Menggunakan WASP

Sungai Bedadung ruas Kaliwates digunakan sebagai sumber air baku sehingga harus memenuhi baku mutu air kelas I. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan daya tampung beban pencemaran Sungai Bedadung dari adanya keberadaan agroindustri tahu dengan menggunakan WASP. Parameter kualitas air yang digunakan berupa BOD dan TSS. Hasil nilai model kualitas air menggunakan WASP memenuhi baku mutu air sungai kelas I pada BOD namun pada TSS tidak memenuhi. Berdasarkan perhitungan daya tampung beban pencemaran, Sungai Bedadung ruas Kaliwates masih mampu menerima beban pencemar yang masuk karena memiliki nilai daya tampung beban pencemaran sebesar 545.86 kg/hari untuk BOD namun tidak mampu menerima beban pencemar yang masuk pada TSS karena nilai daya tampung beban pencemarannya sebesar -2270.01 kg/hari. Simulasi dengan menurunkan konsentrasi sumber pencemar sesuai dengan baku mutu mampu meningkatkan daya tampung beban pencemaran Sungai Bedadung menjadi 688.33 kg/hari untuk parameter BOD dan -1564.72 kg/hari untuk parameter TSS.The Bedadung River section of Kaliwates is used as a source of water intake for Perumdam Tirta Pendalungan as Municipal Water Works in Jember Regency, so it must comply with the criteria for class I water quality standards. This study aims to determine the capacity to accommodate the pollution load of the Bedadung River from the presence of tofu agroindustry using WASP. The water quality parameters used are Biochemicals Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total Suspended Solid (TSS). The results of the value of the water quality model using WASP meet the class I water quality allocation on the BOD parameter but on the TSS parameter it does not meet. Based on the calculation of the pollution load carrying capacity, the Bedadung River Kaliwates section accept the pollutant load input because it has a pollution load capacity value of 545.86 kg/day for BOD, but it does not accept the pollutant load input of TSS values because the pollution load carrying capacity is - 2270.01 kg/day. The simulation by reducing the concentration of pollutant sources by the quality standards that increases the carrying capacity of the Bedadung River pollution load to 688.33 kg/day for the BOD parameter and -1564.72 kg/day for the TSS parameter

PENGENDALIAN SUHU RUANG PADA MESIN PENGERING VERTIKAL TIPE RAK (VERTICAL TRAY DRYER) DALAM PENGERINGAN BIJI JAGUNG (Zea mays L.)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja panas pada pengering rak untuk mendukung proses penyediaan benih jagung. Penelitian bekerja sama dengan petani Kecamatan Wuluhan yang bermitra dengan perusahaan penyedia benih PT. East West Seed Indonesia. Pengering rak yang sudah dibuat terdiri atas sumber pemanas, blower, rak, dinding dalam dan luar, rangka, lubang pengeluaran udara, thermostat dan alat ukur temperatur secara digital; panas tersirkulasi dalam rak secara zig-zag. Panas dalam ruang pengering diukurPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja panas pada pengering rak untuk mendukung proses penyediaan benih jagung. Penelitian bekerja sama dengan petani Kecamatan Wuluhan yang bermitra dengan perusahaan penyedia benih PT. East West Seed Indonesia. Pengering rak yang sudah dibuat terdiri atas sumber pemanas, blower, rak, dinding dalam dan luar, rangka, lubang pengeluaran udara, thermostat dan alat ukur temperatur secara digital; panas tersirkulasi dalam rak secara zig-zag. Panas dalam ruang pengering diuku

Observing and understanding the Southeast Asian aerosol system by remote sensing: An initial review and analysis for the Seven Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS) program

Southeast Asia (SEA) hosts one of the most complex aerosol systems in the world, with convoluted meteorological scales, sharp geographic and socioeconomic features, high biological productivity, mixtures of a wide range of atmospheric pollutants, and likely a significant susceptibility to global climate change. This physical complexity of SEA is coupled with one of the world\u27s most challenging environments for both in situ and remote sensing observation. The 7-Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS) program was formed to facilitate interdisciplinary research into the integrated SEA aerosol environment via grass roots style collaboration. In support of the early 7SEAS program and the affiliated Southeast Asia Composition, Cloud, Climate Coupling Regional Study (SEAC4RS), this review was created to outline the network of connections linking aerosol particles in SEA with meteorology, climate and the total earth system. In this review, we focus on and repeatedly link back to our primary data source: satellite aerosol remote sensing and associated observability issues. We begin with a brief rationale for the program, outlining key aerosol impacts and, comparing their magnitudes to the relative uncertainty of observations. We then discuss aspects of SEA\u27s physical, socio-economic and biological geography relevant to meteorology and observability issues associated with clouds and precipitation. We show that not only does SEA pose significant observability challenges for aerosol particles, but for clouds and precipitation aswell. With the fundamentals of the environment outlined, we explore SEA\u27s most studied aerosol issue: biomass burning. We summarize research on bulk aerosol properties for SEA, including a short synopsis of recent AERONET observations. We describe long range transport patterns. Finally, considerable attention is paid to satellite aerosol observability issues, with a face value comparison of common aerosol products in the region including passive and active aerosol products as well as fluxes. Weshowthat satellite data products diverge greatly due to a host of known artifacts. These artifacts have important implications for how research is conducted, and care must be taken when using satellite products to study aerosol problems. The paper ends with a discussion of how the community can approach this complex and important environment

Observing and understanding the Southeast Asian aerosol system by remote sensing: An initial review and analysis for the Seven Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS) program

10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.06.005Atmospheric Research122403-46