Maternal Prenatal Microbiome and Infant’s Immune System at the Origins of the Development of Health and Disease

Introduction: The human microbiome refers to the presence of microorganisms that live with its host. Objective: To analyze the relationship between the maternal perinatal microbiome and the development of the infant’s immune system, at the origins of the development of health and disease. Methodology: A non-systematic bibliographic review was carried out, including those controlled and randomized clinical trials focused on the relationship of the prenatal maternal microbiome and the infant’s immune system. And all those works whose approach was different from the topic raised were excluded. Discussion: 20 min after birth, the microbiome of newborns by vaginal delivery resembles the microbiota of their mother’s vagina, while those born by caesarean section house microbial communities that are usually found in human skin. The acquisition of the microbiome continues during the first years of life, with a microbiome of the baby’s gastrointestinal tract beginning to resemble that of an adult from the first year of life. Conclusion: Bacteria are microorganisms that have managed to colonize the vast majority of land surfaces, showing great adaptability. The human being is not indifferent, and hypotheses have been raised that affirm his participation in the development of health and the onset of the disease. Keywords: microbiota, inmune system, infant nutritional physiological phenomena. RESUMEN Introducción: El microbioma humano se refiere a la presencia de microorganismos que conviven con su hospedero. Objetivo: Analizar la relación existente entre el microbioma materno perinatal y el desarrollo del sistema inmune del lactante, en los orígenes del desarrollo de la salud y enfermedad. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica no sistemática, donde se incluyeron aquellos ensayos clínicos controlados y randomizados enfocados en la relación del microbioma materno prenatal y el sistema inmune del lactante. Y se excluyeron todos aquellos trabajos cuyo enfoque fue diferente al tema planteado. Resultados: Se encontraron 61 fuentes bibliográficas, de las cuales se incluyeron 53 artículos que contenían la información relacionada al tema y publicados en los últimos 11 años. Discusión: 20 min después del nacimiento, el microbioma de los recién nacidos por parto vaginal se asemeja a la microbiota de la vagina de su madre, mientras que los nacidos por cesárea albergan comunidades microbianas que generalmente se encuentran en la piel humana. La adquisición del microbioma continúa durante los primeros años de vida, con un el microbioma del tracto gastrointestinal del bebé comienza a parecerse al de un adulto desde el primer año de vida. Conclusiones: Las bacterias, son microorganismos que han logrado colonizar la gran mayoría de las superficies terrestres, mostrando una gran capacidad de adaptación. El ser humano, no es indiferente, y se han planteado hipótesis que aseveran su participación en el desarrollo de la salud e inicio de la enfermedad. Palabras clave: microbiota, sistema inmunológico, fenómenos fisiológicos nutricionales del lactante

How Epigenetics Contributes to the Understanding of Human Development

Introduction: Epigenetics, which studies the phenotypic expression of certain characteristics in relation to the interaction with the environment, specifically of the primary DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequence and that does not modulate the genetic expression. Objective: To identify the role of epigenetics in the understanding of development of the human being. Method: Non-systematic bibliographic review in databases such as PubMed, Elsevier, Academic Google, Scopus, Lilacs, Scielo and website What is epigenetics and NIH, which includes the terms epigenetics, development. Results: Review of 57 articles from 2007 to 2019, of which 30 that were in correspondence with the topic and objective of this literature review study were included. Discussion: Epigenetics refers to all those non-genetic factors involved in the formation of the individual, epigenetics tries to explain why living organisms express some genes and other silences for this way to assemble their physical characteristics. There are several factors involved in epigenetic expression, stories such as nutrition and diet during pregnancy, maltreatment and maternal stress, exercise, microbiome, among others. Conclusion: Epigenetics as a science helps us to understand certain phenomena that occur in the phenotypic expression of characteristics of the individual that could not otherwise be explained. Currently, epigenetic mechanisms are more studied and better understood so that the understanding of human development is in turn more understood. Keywords: genetic, epigenetic, development. RESUMEN Introducción: La epigenética, que estudia la expresión fenotípica de ciertas características en relación con la interacción con el medio ambiente, independientemente de la secuencia primaria de ADN (ácido desoxirribonucleico) y que estos no modulan la expresión genética. Objetivo: Identificar el rol de la epigenética en la comprensión del desarrollo del ser humano. Método: Revisión bibliográfica no sistemática en bases de datos como PubMed, Elsevier, Academic Google, Scopus, Lilacs, Scielo y sitio web What is epigenetics y NIH, que incluyó los términos epigenética, desarrollo. Resultados: Revisión de 57 artículos desde 2007 a 2019, de los cuales se incluyeron 30 que están en correspondencia con el tema y objetivo del presente estudio de revisión de la literatura. Discusión: La epigenética se refiere a todos aquellos factores no genéticos que intervienen en la formación del individuo, en este contexto la epigenética intenta explicar la razón para que algunos organismos vivos expresen en sus características físicas unos genes y silencien otros. Existen varios factores que intervienen en la expresión epigenética, tales como la nutrición y la dieta durante el embarazo, el maltrato y el estrés materno, el ejercicio, el microbioma, entre otros. Conclusión: La epigenética como ciencia nos ayuda a la comprensión de ciertos fenómenos que ocurren en la expresión fenotípica de características propias del individuo que de otra forma no podrían ser explicadas. En la actualidad, los mecanismos epigenéticos son más estudiados y mejor entendidos de modo que el entendimiento del desarrollo humano es a su vez más comprendido. Palabras clave: genética, epigenética, desarrollo

Epigenetics in the Transgenerational Transmission of Chronic Diseases in the Context of Poverty with a Perinatal Approach

Introduction: Epigenetics is relevant in obstetrics for its action during pregnancy, in embryo-fetal life and even for the events that exist at birth. Objective: To investigate and analyze information about the role that epigeomics plays in the transgenerational transmission of chronic diseases in the context of poverty with a perinatal approach. Methods: Through a non-systematic bibliographic review through the search engines: LILACS, CINAHL, COCHRANE, EBSCO, MEDLINE, SCIELO, SCOPUS and PUBMED. Results: 32 bibliographic publications were found, of which 30 articles containing information related to the topic were included. Discussion: The genome has been compared to the hardware of a computer, while the epigenetic information is compared to the software that controls the operation of the hardware. Furthermore, the factors affecting epigenetic information can be analog as parameters to operate the software. Conclusion: The epigenomics studies the process by which the expression of certain genes occurs, in order to reduce the probability of the appearance of chronic diseases, having a potential effect during pregnancy and neonatal period. Keywords: epigenomics, transcription, genetic, poverty, chronic disease. RESUMEN Introducción: La epigenética tiene relevancia en la obstetricia por su acción durante el embarazo, en la vida embrio-fetal e inclusive, por los sucesos que existen al nacimiento. Objetivo: Investigar y analizar de información acerca del rol que juega la epigenómica en la transmisión transgeneracional de las enfermedades crónicas en el contexto de la pobreza con enfoque perinatal. Métodos: Por medio de una revisión bibliográfica no sistemática a través de los buscadores: LILACS, CINAHL, COCHRANE, EBSCO, MEDLINE, SCIELO, SCOPUS y PUBMED. Resultados: Se encontraron 32 publicaciones bibliográficas, de las cuales se incluyeron 30 artículos que contenían la información relacionada al tema. Discusión: El genoma se lo ha comparado con el hardware de una computadora, mientras que la información epigenética se lo compara con el software que controla el funcionamiento del hardware. Además, los factores que afectan la información epigenética pueden ser analógicos como parámetros para operar el software. Conclusiones: La epigenómica estudia proceso por el cual se da la expresión de determinados genes, con la finalidad de disminuir la probabilidad de la aparición de enfermedades crónicas, teniendo un efecto potencial durante el embarazo y periodo neonatal. Palabras clave: epigenómica, transcripción genética, pobreza, enfermedad crónica

Eficacia de la vacuna nonavalente en la prevención de la infección por Virus Papiloma Humano (HPV) y cáncer cervical

Introducción: La infección por HPV es una de las enfermedades de transmisión sexual más frecuentes, con un grado de asociación con el cáncer de cérvix importante, por lo cual se hace necesario tomar en cuenta medidas sanitarias profilácticas. La vacuna nonavalente se presenta como una medida preventiva óptima, brindando protección frente a nueve genotipos virales. Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia y seguridad de la vacuna nonavalente para la prevención de las infecciones por HPV y cáncer de cérvix en comparación con las vacunas bivalente y tetravalente. Método: A través de una revisión bibliográfica, la búsqueda abarcó artículos publicados en los últimos 5 años. Resultados y discusión: Existen genotipos de “alto riesgo” responsables del 90 % de los casos, y los de “bajo riesgo” responsables del 10 % restante, la vacuna bivalente presenta en mujeres de 15 a 25 años tasas de seroconversión del 100 % tras la inmunización con tres dosis. La vacuna tetravalente presenta en mujeres de 16 a 26 años tasas de seroconversión del 99 ‐ 100%. La vacuna nonavalente tiene el potencial de prevenir aproximadamente el 90 % de casos de cáncer de cérvix, vulvar, vaginal y anal, más aproximadamente el 20 % de los casos de cáncer de cérvix asociado a los cinco genotipos adicionales. Conclusiones: La vacuna nonavalente brinda una protección adicional frente a la infección por HPV y el desarrollo de cáncer de cérvix, que no se obtiene con las vacunas tetravalente recombinante y bivalente

Recombinant renewable polyclonal antibodies

Only a small fraction of the antibodies in a traditional polyclonal antibody mixture recognize the target of interest, frequently resulting in undesirable polyreactivity. Here, we show that high-quality recombinant polyclonals, in which hundreds of different antibodies are all directed toward a target of interest, can be easily generated in vitro by combining phage and yeast display. We show that, unlike traditional polyclonals, which are limited resources, recombinant polyclonal antibodies can be amplified over one hundred million-fold without losing representation or functionality. Our protocol was tested on 9 different targets to demonstrate how the strategy allows the selective amplification of antibodies directed toward desirable target specific epitopes, such as those found in one protein but not a closely related one, and the elimination of antibodies recognizing common epitopes, without significant loss of diversity. These recombinant renewable polyclonal antibodies are usable in different assays, and can be generated in high throughput. This approach could potentially be used to develop highly specific recombinant renewable antibodies against all human gene products

Combined search for the quarks of a sequential fourth generation

Results are presented from a search for a fourth generation of quarks produced singly or in pairs in a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 inverse femtobarns recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2011. A novel strategy has been developed for a combined search for quarks of the up and down type in decay channels with at least one isolated muon or electron. Limits on the mass of the fourth-generation quarks and the relevant Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix elements are derived in the context of a simple extension of the standard model with a sequential fourth generation of fermions. The existence of mass-degenerate fourth-generation quarks with masses below 685 GeV is excluded at 95% confidence level for minimal off-diagonal mixing between the third- and the fourth-generation quarks. With a mass difference of 25 GeV between the quark masses, the obtained limit on the masses of the fourth-generation quarks shifts by about +/- 20 GeV. These results significantly reduce the allowed parameter space for a fourth generation of fermions.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Compressed representation of a partially defined integer function over multiple arguments

In OLAP (OnLine Analitical Processing) data are analysed in an n-dimensional cube. The cube may be represented as a partially defined function over n arguments. Considering that often the function is not defined everywhere, we ask: is there a known way of representing the function or the points in which it is defined, in a more compact manner than the trivial one

Measurement of the t t-bar production cross section in the dilepton channel in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

The t t-bar production cross section (sigma[t t-bar]) is measured in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV in data collected by the CMS experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.3 inverse femtobarns. The measurement is performed in events with two leptons (electrons or muons) in the final state, at least two jets identified as jets originating from b quarks, and the presence of an imbalance in transverse momentum. The measured value of sigma[t t-bar] for a top-quark mass of 172.5 GeV is 161.9 +/- 2.5 (stat.) +5.1/-5.0 (syst.) +/- 3.6(lumi.) pb, consistent with the prediction of the standard model.Comment: Replaced with published version. Included journal reference and DO

Search for supersymmetry in events with b-quark jets and missing transverse energy in pp collisions at 7 TeV

Results are presented from a search for physics beyond the standard model based on events with large missing transverse energy, at least three jets, and at least one, two, or three b-quark jets. The study is performed using a sample of proton-proton collision data collected at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2011. The integrated luminosity of the sample is 4.98 inverse femtobarns. The observed number of events is found to be consistent with the standard model expectation, which is evaluated using control samples in the data. The results are used to constrain cross sections for the production of supersymmetric particles decaying to b-quark-enriched final states in the context of simplified model spectra.Comment: Submitted to Physical Review

Ecological compatibility of GM crops and biological control

Insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant genetically modified (GM) crops pervade many modern cropping systems (especially field-cropping systems), and present challenges and opportunities for developing biologically based pest-management programs. Interactions between biological control agents (insect predators, parasitoids, and pathogens) and GM crops exceed simple toxicological relationships, a priority for assessing risk of GM crops to non-target species. To determine the compatibility of biological control and insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant GM crop traits within integrated pest-management programs, this synthesis prioritizes understanding the bi-trophic and prey/host-mediated ecological pathways through which natural enemies interact within cropland communities, and how GM crops alter the agroecosystems in which natural enemies live. Insect-resistant crops can affect the quantity and quality of non-prey foods for natural enemies, as well as the availability and quality of both target and non-target pests that serve as prey/hosts. When they are used to locally eradicate weeds, herbicide-tolerant crops alter the agricultural landscape by reducing or changing the remaining vegetational diversity. This vegetational diversity is fundamental to biological control when it serves as a source of habitat and nutritional resources. Some inherent qualities of both biological control and GM crops provide opportunities to improve upon sustainable IPM systems. For example, biological control agents may delay the evolution of pest resistance to GM crops, and suppress outbreaks of secondary pests not targeted by GM plants, while herbicide-tolerant crops facilitate within-field management of vegetational diversity that can enhance the efficacy of biological control agents. By examining the ecological compatibility of biological control and GM crops, and employing them within an IPM framework, the sustainability and profitability of farming may be improved