Interacción comunicativa en el proceso social del trueque, un diálogo entre lo moderno y lo ancestral. Estudio de caso: mercado central de la parroquia de Cusubamba.

Bartering as an economic practice of ancestral peoples fosters a rich compendium of cultural, social, historic and, of course, communicational elements, whose dialogue with those elements that compose modernity have allowed the survival of this practice throughout time. This research presents an analysis of the elements that give life to the existing dialogue between traders, as representatives of modernity, and rural communities, as representatives of the Andean world’s ancestry, who twice a week meet at the central market of the Cusubamba Parish to barter their products and keep this social process alive.El trueque, como práctica económica de los pueblos ancestrales, alberga un riquísimo compendio de elementos culturales, sociales, históricos y, por supuesto, comunicacionales, cuyo diálogo con aquellos elementos que componen la modernidad, ha permitido la sobrevivencia de esta usanza a través de los años. En esta investigación se presenta un análisis de los elementos que dan vida al diálogo existente entre los y las comerciantes, como representantes de la modernidad, y los y las campesinas, como representantes de la ancestralidad del mundo andino; que dos veces por semana se encuentran en el mercado central de la Parroquia de Cusubamba para truequear productos y mantener vivo este proceso social

Concepts associated with health from the perspective of sustainable development

The concept of health is a social construction defined by the historical-cultural contexts of societies. At the moment, this context is characterized by global challenges such as climate change, energy crisis, the north-south divide, and poverty, among others. In view of these challenges, sustainable development has emerged as a proposal to cope with these drawbacks of the Western development model. In this sense, it is plausible to suppose, in accordance with a new global scenario of sustainable development, that a new conception of health is also emerging. For that reason, this paper aims at identifying this renewed concept of health, together with related concepts which are mentioned in the official documents on sustainable development originated in the world summits. Despite the fact that the concepts of health and sustainable development have been understood as being equivalent, none of the aforementioned official documents has provided societies with an explicit concept of health. It was verified that the concept of health has been associated with that of need satisfaction and preservation of ecosystems, whereas the construct of illness is associated with the concepts of poverty and high consumption levels. Finally, it is concluded that health is an intermediate goal of sustainable development and not an end in itself.El concepto de salud es una construcción social definida por los contextos histórico-culturales de las sociedades. Actualmente, dicho contexto está caracterizado por problemas como el cambio climático, la crisis energética, los desequilibrios norte-sur, y la pobreza, entre otros, que llevaron al surgimiento del desarrollo sostenible como una propuesta para afrontar estos defectos del modelo de desarrollo occidental. En ese sentido, es plausible suponer que en el marco de este escenario global con el surgimiento del desarrollo sostenible también esté emergiendo una nueva concepción de la salud. Por esa razón, en este trabajo nos propusimos identificar el concepto de salud, y los conceptos asociados a ésta, que se encuentran en los documentos oficiales del desarrollo sostenible que han surgido en las diferentes cumbres mundiales. Aunque se pudo inferir que los conceptos de salud y desarrollo sostenible son equivalentes, en ninguno de estos documentos se encontró un concepto explícito de salud. Así mismo, se observó que el concepto de salud está asociado con el de satisfacción de necesidades y cuidado de los ecosistemas, mientras que el de enfermedad está asociado a los conceptos de pobreza y elevados niveles de consumo. Finalmente, se concluye que la salud es un objetivo intermedio del desarrollo sostenible y no un fin en sí mismo

Attitudes, Social Influences and Decision-Making in the Choice of Antimicrobials for the Treatment of Bovine Mastitis

The excessive and irrational use of antimicrobials for the control of bovine mastitis has been the subject of study throughout the world for many decades. Currently, the use of antimicrobials in livestock is of great interest from the “One Health” approach. Scientific research has revealed that the reasons for the inappropriate use of antimicrobials in production are related to human behavior, political, commercial, and economic factors. The objective of this study was to understand the attitudes toward the use of the laboratory and the social influences for decision-making in the choice of antimicrobials in the treatment of bovine mastitis in the North of Antioquia, Colombia. The study was developed through mixed methods (cross-sectional and grounded theory) with a convergent triangulation design. Two hundred and sixteen dairy farmers and 9 veterinarians participated. The results allow us to conclude that the problem of antimicrobial resistance related to mastitis and udder health planning depends on both technical aspects and access to knowledge and to laboratory services and, perhaps, even more importantly, on the culture and social relations that are established between the dairy farmer and the other actors of the dairy chain in the north of Antioquia

Conceptual framework for understanding the sustainability of social-ecological systems

Los índices y marcos de indicadores de desarrollo sustentable son muy utilizados para observar si un sistema es sustentable o no, aunque son insuficientes para entender por qué un sistema socioecológico puede ser in/sustentable. En este ensayo ofrecemos una propuesta teórica desarrollada a partir del concepto de resiliencia socioecológica, la cual se asume como el fundamento y propiedad de los sistemas sustentables. Así, la generación de sustentabilidad se argumenta a partir de la comprensión de conceptos como perturbación, capacidad adaptativa y cambios de estado y de régimen, que son mecanismos y elementos involucrados en la resiliencia socioecológica.Indices and frameworks of indicators on sustainable development are used for observing how sustainable a socialecological system is, though they are not appropriate to understand why these systems can be sustainable. We develop a conceptual sketch based on the concept of social-ecological resilience, which is the foundation of sustainable systems. Thus, we draw on concepts such as perturbations, adaptive capacity, and state and regime shifts, for arguing mechanisms and elements involved in generation of social-ecological resilience of systems

Marco conceptual para entender la sustentabilidad de los sistemas socioecológicos

Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep and goat production systems under confinement, semi-confinement and grazing in municipalities of Antioquia, Colombia

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de nematodos gastrointestinales en sistemas de producción de ganado ovino y caprino en el trópico de Antioquia, Colombia, mediante un estudio descriptivo transversal. Se incluyeron 17 apriscos de 9 municipios y 302 animales (ovejas y cabras). Se evaluó la frecuencia de parasitismo gastrointestinal y carga parasitaria de especies y géneros determinados a través de la caracterización taxonómica por identificación de las larvas (L3), considerando variables clínico-epidemiológicas. El 76% de los animales se encontraba infectado, donde el 69.5% presentó cargas parasitarias bajas (menos de 200 hpg de heces). Se concluyó que los apriscos de Antioquia presentan alta prevalencia de infección por Tricostrongilidos, siendo Haemonchus contortus (61.3%), Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta (25.5%) y Trichostrongylus sp (21.5%) los parásitos más frecuentes.The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep and goat production systems in the tropics of Antioquia, Colombia through a cross-sectional study. Faecal samples were collected from 302 sheep and goats from 17 farms in 9 municipalities. The prevalence of nematode infection and the parasite burden based on species and genus identified through taxonomic characterization of infective third-stage larvae (L3) and considering clinical and epidemiological variables were evaluated. The prevalence of infected ruminants was 76%, where 69.5% showed low parasite burden (less than 200 epg of faeces). It is concluded that ovine and caprine farms in Antioquia had high prevalence of Trichostrongylids infection, where Haemonchus contortus (61.3%), Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta (25.5%) and Trichostrongylus sp (21.5%) were the most common parasites

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) in sustainability among students of a colombian university

La educación para el desarrollo sostenible tiene el propósito de generar cambios en los conocimientos, las actitudes y las prácticas de las personas, para promover transiciones hacia la sostenibilidad. Los estudios de Conocimientos Actitudes y Prácticas (CAP) pueden ser una herramienta útil, oportuna y pertinente, para valorar los logros de la educación con orientación ambiental. Este estudio analizó el perfil de CAP sobre Sostenibilidad y sus factores asociados en estudiantes de una universidad pública colombiana, mediante un estudio descriptivo transversal, de 356 estudiantes universitarios. Se encontró que la dimensión con los puntajes más altos fue la de Actitudes, seguida por los Conocimientos y el más bajo para las Prácticas, y asociaciones con el sexo, la edad y el programa de formación al que pertenecen los estudiantes.The education for sustainable development aims at generating changes in people’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices in order to promote transitions towards sustainability. Studies on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) may become useful, timely and pertinent tools to assess the accomplishments of environmentally-oriented education. This study analyzed the profile of KAP in Sustainability, together with its associated factors, among students at a public Colombian university by means of a cross-sectional descriptive study which included 356 subjects. It found that attitudes dimension showed the highest scores, followed in decreasing order by knowledge and practices, as well as associations with gender, age, and the undergraduate program the students belong to.Incluye referencias bibliográficasIncluye anexos paginas 517-51

Evaluation of Pap staining and trichrome staining in rumen ciliate protozoa Richard Zapata

ABSTRACT: Ruminal ciliated protozoa show morphological differences between their orders, including the majority share of its internal structures varying in size, shape and spatial arrangement, which allows differentiation. Therefore, the colors we studied could be a useful tool for morphological identification of these organisms. Objective Evaluate Staining affinity and quality of the Pap staining and Trichrome staining in ruminal ciliated protozoa. Materials and methods Experimental study made from factorial designs analyzed through nonparametric tests. The Pap and Trichrome stains were tested with 36 treatments in triplicate. Results For PAP staining in the order Vestibuliferida the preservative formaldehyde 10% (p = 0.040) and time of alcohol exposure to 120 min (p = 0.046) showed statistically significant differences for the affinity; Entodiniomorphida order not present statistically significant in none of the factors, like quality to that color for the two orders. As Trichrome staining, we found that none of the orders had a significant effect of the factors evaluated on the response variable affinity, on the contrary, the quality showed significant differences for the two orders, the order Vestibuliferida showed significant differences using the preservative formalin 10% (p = 0.000) and fixed with Schaudinn 30 min (p = 0.023) and Entodiniomorphida only showed differences with the preservative formalin 10% (p = 0.002). Conclusions The coloring of the best results in both orders to the two response variables is the Papanicolaou stain.RESUMEN: Los protozoos ciliados ruminales presentan diferencias morfológicas entre sus órdenes, comparten entre ellos la mayoría de sus estructuras internas, variando en forma, tamaño y disposición espacial, lo que hace posible su diferenciación. Por tanto, las coloraciones estudiadas podrían ser una herramienta útil para la identificación morfológica de estos microorganismos. Objetivo Evaluar la afinidad tintorial y la calidad de las coloraciones de Papanicolaou y tricrómica en la tinción de protozoos ciliados ruminales. Materiales y métodos Estudio experimental realizado a partir de diseños factoriales analizados a través de pruebas no paramétricas. Las coloraciones de Papanicolaou y tricrómica se evaluaron con 36 tratamientos, por triplicado. Resultados Para la coloración de Papanicolaou en el orden Vestibuliferida el conservante formaldehído 10% (p= 0,040) y el tiempo de exposición del alcohol a 120 min (p=0,046) presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas para la afinidad; el orden Entodiniomorphida no presentó significancia estadística en ninguno de sus factores, al igual que la calidad para dicha coloración para los dos órdenes. En cuanto a la coloración tricrómica, se encontró que para ninguno de los órdenes se presentó un efecto significativo de los factores evaluados sobre la variable de respuesta afinidad; al contrario, la calidad presentó diferencias significativas para los dos órdenes, el orden Vestibuliferida presenta diferencias significativas usando el conservante formalina 10% (p= 0,000) y el fijado con Schaudinn 30 min (p=0,023) y para Entodiniomorphida solo se observaron diferencias con el conservante formalina 10% (p= 0,002). Conclusiones La coloración que presentó los mejores resultados en ambos órdenes para las dos variables de respuesta es la coloración de Papanicolaou

Concepts associated with health from the perspective of sustainable development

The concept of health is a social construction defined by the historical-cultural contexts of societies. At the moment, this context is characterized by global challenges such as climate change, energy crisis, the north-south divide, and poverty, among others. In view of these challenges, sustainable development has emerged as a proposal to cope with these drawbacks of the Western development model. In this sense, it is plausible to suppose, in accordance with a new global scenario of sustainable development, that a new conception of health is also emerging. For that reason, this paper aims at identifying this renewed concept of health, together with related concepts which are mentioned in the official documents on sustainable development originated in the world summits. Despite the fact that the concepts of health and sustainable development have been understood as being equivalent, none of the aforementioned official documents has provided societies with an explicit concept of health. It was verified that the concept of health has been associated with that of need satisfaction and preservation of ecosystems, whereas the construct of illness is associated with the concepts of poverty and high consumption levels. Finally, it is concluded that health is an intermediate goal of sustainable development and not an end in itself.El concepto de salud es una construcción social definida por los contextos histórico-culturales de las sociedades. Actualmente, dicho contexto está caracterizado por problemas como el cambio climático, la crisis energética, los desequilibrios norte-sur, y la pobreza, entre otros, que llevaron al surgimiento del desarrollo sostenible como una propuesta para afrontar estos defectos del modelo de desarrollo occidental. En ese sentido, es plausible suponer que en el marco de este escenario global con el surgimiento del desarrollo sostenible también esté emergiendo una nueva concepción de la salud. Por esa razón, en este trabajo nos propusimos identificar el concepto de salud, y los conceptos asociados a ésta, que se encuentran en los documentos oficiales del desarrollo sostenible que han surgido en las diferentes cumbres mundiales. Aunque se pudo inferir que los conceptos de salud y desarrollo sostenible son equivalentes, en ninguno de estos documentos se encontró un concepto explícito de salud. Así mismo, se observó que el concepto de salud está asociado con el de satisfacción de necesidades y cuidado de los ecosistemas, mientras que el de enfermedad está asociado a los conceptos de pobreza y elevados niveles de consumo. Finalmente, se concluye que la salud es un objetivo intermedio del desarrollo sostenible y no un fin en sí mismo

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London