L'expertise internationale en Afrique : le cas de l'expertise juridique sur les questions foncières

Je voudrais soutenir ici que ce qui légitime l'intervention de l'assistance technique au titre d'une expertise est un mélange de connaissances techniques, d'efficacité bureaucratique, de cécité politique ou d'irresponsabilité éthique qui n'est pas un donné mais un acquis culturel complexe qui doit faire une très large place à l'idéologie. C'est ainsi la leçon d'une expérience personnelle de ces cinq dernières années que je souhaite tirer en montrant, d'une part, qu'on ne peut devenir expert i..

O lugar da juridicidade na mediação

O ato de se pensar na natureza e no conteúdo do direito supõe reconhecer nele representações do mundo e da sociedade, dando forma à pretensão de um monopólio estatal da violência legítima, ele mesmo fundamentado sobre uma relação de amor e de confiança no Estado. A mediação, contudo, é praticada em um campo próprio, bem ou mal identificado ou grosseiramente delimitado, entre o direito e o social não jurídico. Essa concepção, que multiplica perspectivas antropológicas, representa as sociedades humanas, passadas e presentes, que puderam desconfiar do direito e continuam a desafiá-lo sob a teoria implícita do direito, tida como universal para os ocidentais modernos, que não representam sequer dois terços da humanidade. Desse modo, tendo em vista essas e outras previsões, neste artigo, apresenta-se a seguinte pergunta: As formas e os procedimentos necessários à solução de controvérsias denominadas por seus usuários de “mediação” – não importando as variantes – devem ser, necessariamente, abrangidas pelo direito? A resposta apresentada, parcialmente negativa, introduz a hipótese de juridicidade

Espaces disputés en Afrique Noire : pratiques foncières locales

Aboutissement d'un colloque tenu en décembre 1983 à St Ricquier sur les "pratiques foncières locales en Afrique Noire", cet ouvrage ne réunit que quelques communications de spécialistes qui, en Afrique et ailleurs veulent comprendre le sens de l'intervention de l'Etat et du capital dans le statut de la terre en milieux ruraux et urbain

La médiation humaniste, pour ‘faire société’ dans la prise en charge des différends

This paper is the work of a collective, and contains multidisciplinary reflexions on a humanistic practice of mediation that was pioneered in France in 1984, and refined over 30 years of practical experience and thousands of completed mediations. This kind of mediation focuses its efforts less on the specific area of dispute, and more on the transformation of human and social relationships, thereby justifying the qualifier ‘humanistic’. The exchanges established between the mediants, made possible and facilitated by the mediator, have the core objective of rebuilding a lasting and peaceable relationship.Humanistic mediation is shown to be a tool for personal, ontological transformation – a way of supporting the deep aspirations and values which everyone needs in order to live. In social interaction it enables common ground (‘commons’) to emerge which forms the basis of a new mode of sharing; it introduces a process that is humanizing and mutually nurturing while still respecting differences. Humanistic mediation is rooted in the trans-modern beginnings of our ongoing societal transformation. By reintroducing a sense of existential solidarity which is founded more on sharing than on exchange, it offers itself as an educational tool for peace, using a civilizing pedagogy to create a humanism for our times.The process is laid out in three sequential phases, which take into account the emotions of the mediants. With often spectacular results, the process leads to a pivotal moment that allows the energy of the conflict to be redirected. The role and attitude of the mediator are precisely defined. The relationship between mediation and institutions such as justice and education is discussed. Humanistic mediation takes its place in the evolution of a justice that both repairs and restores.Cet article est la réflexion pluridisciplinaire d’un collectif sur une pratique humaniste de la médiation, introduite de façon pionnière en 1984 et affinée au cours de 30 ans d’expérience et de milliers de médiations réalisées. Ce type de médiation concentre ses efforts moins sur le différend que sur la transformation des rapports humains et sociaux, justifiant ainsi le qualificatif humaniste. Les échanges instaurés entre les médiants, rendus possibles et facilités par le médiateur, ont pour objectif essentiel de reconstruire une relation pacifiée et durable.La médiation humaniste se révèle un outil ontologique de transformation personnelle prenant appui sur les aspirations profondes et les valeurs dont chacun a besoin pour vivre. Socialement, elle permet l’émergence de communs sur lesquels fonder un nouveau mode de partage, introduisant un processus de fécondation mutuelle et d’humanisation réciproque, dans le respect des différences. La médiation humaniste s’inscrit dans les prémices trans-modernes de la transformation sociétale en cours. Réintroduisant le sens d’une solidarité existentielle, fondée plus sur le partage que sur l’échange, elle se présente comme un outil d’éducation à la paix, pédagogique et civilisateur, pour un humanisme de notre temps.Le déroulement en est explicité en trois phases successives prenant en compte les émotions des médiants et aboutissant à un retournement souvent spectaculaire qui permet de réorienter l’énergie du conflit. Le rôle et la posture du médiateur sont précisés.Le rapport aux institutions Justice et Education est discuté. La médiation humaniste s’inscrit dans une démarche de justice réparatrice et restauratrice

Neogene to Quaternary evolution of carbonate and mixed carbonate-siliciclastic systems along New Caledonia's eastern margin (SW Pacific)

Neogene and Quaternary shallow-water carbonate records surrounding New Caledonia main island, Grande Terre, provide a good example for understanding the stratigraphic architecture of tropical mixed carbonate-siliciclastic systems. Due to a southeastern tilt of the eastern margin, the eastern shelf of Grande Terre has been better preserved from erosion than the western part, favouring the development and preservation of shallow-water carbonates. Based on the integration of bathymetric and seismic data, along with paleoenvironmental and biostratigraphic constraints derived from dredged carbonate rocks, a comprehensive geomorphological and architectural characterization of the offshore eastern margin of Grande Terre has been made. During the Mio-Pliocene, a wide, up to 750 m-thick carbonate build-up developed and extended over at least 350 km from north to south. This Mio-Pliocene build-up, currently lying at 300 to 600 m water depths, is overlain by a Pleistocene-Holocene barrier reef-lagoon complex and associated slope deposits. The switch from aggrading Neogene carbonate banks to backstepping Quaternary platforms likely reflects an increase in accommodation due to a high subsidence rate or to relative sea-level rise, and/or results from a switch in carbonate producers associated with global environmental changes. The internal architecture of the Quaternary barrier reef-lagoon complex is highlighted, especially the development of lowstand siliciclastic prisms alternating with transgressive shallow-water carbonate sequences. This pattern agrees with the reciprocal sedimentation model typically invoked for mixed sedimentary systems. This stratigraphic pattern is well developed in front of the Cap Bayes inlet in the north of our study area, yet it is not observed southward along the eastern margin. This difference suggests that other factors than relative sea-level variations directed the architecture of the margin, such as low terrigenous inputs, lagoon paleo-drainage networks or sediment by-pass towards deep basins

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London