Ultraviolet photometry of Venus: Scattering layer above the absorbing clouds

Experimental measurements by ultraviolet photometers aboard Venera-9 and -10 are presented, discussed, and compared with various theoretical models of the ultraviolet structure of the atmosphere of Venus. The model in best agreement with observation provides for a finely dispersed, 8 km thick Rayleigh scattering layer above the primary cloud cover. Dark contrast details are considered to be breaks or areas of lower optical thickness in the upper scattering layer

Синтез і антимікробна активність гексаметилен-N-малеїнімідопохідних спіроіндол- 3,3’-піроло[3,4-с]піролу

Aim. To synthesize a series of hexamethylene-N-maleinimidospiroindole-3,3’-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole derivatives, study the antimicrobial activity of the compounds synthesized and compare their antimicrobial activity with the antimicrobial activity of the bis-analogs previously synthesized.Materials and methods. The methods of organic synthesis, instrumental methods for determination of the molecular structure of organic compounds, agar well diffusion method were used.Experimental part. The interaction of isatins with a-amino acids and 1,6-bismaleinimidohexane in the equimolar ratio led to formation of 1′-(hexamethylene-N-maleinimido)-2a′,5a′-dihydro-1′H-spiroindol-3,3′-pyrrolo[3,4-c] pyrrol-2,2′,6′(1H,3′H,5′H)-trion derivatives. The structure of the compounds synthesized was reliably proven by the instrumental methods. Data of the microbiological screening showed a high level of the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans fungi.Conclusions. It has been determined that the three-component condensation reaction of isatins with α-amino acids and 1,6-bismaleinimidohexane in the equimolar ratio is an efficient synthetic method of 1′-(hexamethylene-N-maleinimido)-2a′,5a′-dihydro-1′H-spiroindol-3,3′-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2,2′,6′(1H,3′H,5′H)-trion derivatives, which reveal a high level of the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans fungi. 1’-(Hexamethylene-N-maleiimido)-5’-methyl-2a’,5a’-dihydro-1’H-spiroindol-3,3’-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2,2’,6’(1H,3’H,5’H)-trione has shown the highest antimicrobial activity among derivatives of hexamethylene-Nmaleinimidospiroindol- 3,3’-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrols.Цель работы – синтез ряда производных гексаметилен-N-малеин-имидоспироиндол-3,3’-пирроло[3,4-с] пиррола, исследование и сравнение их антибактериальной активности с антимикробным действием ранее синтезированных бис-аналогов.Материалы и методы. Методы органического синтеза, инструментальные методы определения структуры органических соединений, метод диффузии в агар в модификации колодцев.Экспериментальная часть. При взаимодействии эквимолярного соотношения изатинов, α-аминокислот и 1,6-бисмалеинимидогексана был получен ряд производных 1’-(гексаметилен-N-малеинимидо)-2a’,5a’- дигидро-1’H-спироиндол-3,3’-пирроло[3,4-c]пиррол-2,2’,6’(1H,3’H,5’H)-триона. Структура полученных соединений достоверно доказана инструментальными методами. Данные микробиологического скрининга показывают выраженное биологическое действие синтезированных соединений относительно грамположительных бактерий Staphylococcus aureus и грибов Candida albicans.Выводы. Установлено, что реакция трехкомпонентной конденсации при эквимолярном использовании изатинов, α-аминокислот и 1,6-бисмалеинимидогексана является эффективным методом синтеза 1’-(гексаметилен-N-малеинимидо)-2a’,5a’-дигидро-1’H-спироиндол-3,3’-пирроло[3,4-c]пиррол-2,2’,6’(1H,3’H,5’H)-трионов, которые проявляют выраженное биологическое действие относительно грамположительных бактерий Staphylococcus aureus и грибов Candida albicans. Наибольшую активность среди производных гексаметилен-N-малеинимидоспироиндол-3,3’-пирроло[3,4-с]пиррола проявил 1’-(гексаметилен-N-малеинимидо)-5’-метил-2a’,5a’-дигидро-1’H-спироиндол-3,3’-пирроло[3,4 c]пиррол-2,2’,6’(1H,3’H,5’H)-трион.Мета роботи – синтез ряду похідних гексаметилен-N-малеїнімідо-спіроіндол-3,3’-піроло[3,4с]піролу, дослідження та порівняння їх антибактеріальної активності з антимікробною дією раніше синтезованих біс-аналогів.Матеріали та методи. Методи органічного синтезу, інструментальні методи встановлення будови органічних сполук, метод дифузії в агар у модифікації колодязів.Експериментальна частина. При взаємодії еквімолярного співвідношення ізатинів, α-амінокислот і 1,6-бісмалеїнімідогексану було отримано ряд похідних 1’-(гексаметилен-N-малеїнімідо)-2a’,5a’-дигідро-1’H-спіроіндол-3,3’-піроло[3,4-c]пірол-2,2’,6’(1H,3’H,5’H)-триону. Будову одержаних сполук надійно підтверджено інструментальними методами. Дані мікробіологічного скринінгу показують високу біологічну дію синтезованих сполук відносно грампозитивних бактерій Staphylococcus aureus і грибів Candida albicans.Висновки. Встановлено, що реакція трикомпонентної конденсації при еквімолярному використанні ізатинів, α-амінокислот і 1,6-бісмалеїнімідогексану є ефективним методом синтезу 1’-(гексаметилен-N-малеїнімідо)-2a’,5a’-дигідро-1’H-спіроіндол-3,3’-піроло[3,4-c]пірол-2,2’,6’ (1H,3’H,5’H)-трионів, які проявляють високу біологічну дію відносно грампозитивних бактерій Staphylococcus aureus і грибів Candida albicans. Найбільшу активність серед похідних гексаметилен-N-малеїнімідо-спіроіндол-3,3’-піроло[3,4-с] піролу проявив 1’-(гексаметилен-N-малеїнімідо)-5’-метил-2a’,5a’-дигідро-1’H-спіроіндол-3,3’-піроло[3,4-c] пірол-2,2’,6’(1H,3’H, 5’H)-трион

Використання аліфатичних альдегідів у синтезі нових 1H-2,1-бензотіазин-4-он 2,2-діоксидів, конденсованих з пірановим ядром за допомогою доміно-взаємодій. Антимікробна активність синтезованих сполук

Domino-type Knoevenagel-Michael-hetero-Thorpe-Ziegler and Knoevenagel-hetero-Diels-Alder interactions using 1-ethyl-1H-2,1-benzothiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide and aliphatic aldehydes as initial compounds have been studied. These reactions have led to 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyran and 2H-3,4-dihydropyran derivatives, respectively. It has been shown that the three-component one-pot interaction of 1-ethyl-1H-2,1-benzothiazin-4(3H)one 2,2-dioxide with saturated aliphatic aldehydes and malononitrile proceeds under rather mild conditions and results in formation of 2-amino-6-ethyl-4-alkyl-4,6-dihydropyrano[3,2-c][2,1]benzothiazin-3-carbonitrile 5,5-dioxides with moderate and high yields. At the same time, the yields of target products decrease with the increase of the length of the aliphatic aldehyde carbon chain. In this regard, the use of citronellal allowed us to obtain the product of the three-component interaction with a low yield. To date, there is no information in the literature about the possible application of aliphatic dialdehydes in such three-component interactions. It has been found that the use of glutaric aldehyde results in the synthesis of a new class of bis-derivatives of 2-amino-4H-pyran, in which two fragments are linked by the polymethylene bridge. The use of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes in the three-component interaction with 1-ethyl-1H-2,1-benzothiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide and malononitrile was accompanied by decrease in the process efficiency compared to saturated aliphatic aldehydes. The target fused 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyran was obtained only when α-methylcinnamic aldehyde was used in the reaction. A two-component interaction of 1-ethyl-1H-2,1-benzothiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide with citronellal has been also studied. It has been shown that this reaction is stereospecific. It proceeds through domino Knoevenagel-heteroDiels-Alder sequence resulting in a new heterocyclic system – 2,2a,3,4,5,6,6a,8-octahydroisochromeno[4,3-c] [2,1]benzothiazine 7,7-dioxide. The study of the antimicrobial activity of the compounds synthesized has allowed finding compounds with a moderate activity against P. aeruginosa і C. albicans.Изучены домино-взаимодействия Кневенагеля-Михаэля-гетеро-Торпа-Циглера и Кневенагеля-гетеро-Дильса-Альдера с участием 1-этил-2,1-бензотиазин-4(3Н)-он 2,2-диоксида и алифатических альдегидов, приводящих соответственно к образованию производных 2-амино-3-циано-4Н-пирана и 2Н-3,4-дигидропирана. Показано, что трехкомпонентное одностадийное взаимодействие 1-этил-2,1-бензотиазин-4(3Н)-он 2,2-диоксида с насыщенными алифатическими альдегидами и малонодинитрилом протекает в очень мягких условиях и приводит к образованию 2-амино-6-этил-4-алкил-4,6-дигидропирано[3,2-c][2,1]бензотиазин-3-карбонитрил 5,5-диоксидов с высокими и умеренными выходами. В то же время увеличение длины углеродной цепи алифатических альдегидов приводит к уменьшению выхода целевых продуктов. Так, при использовании цитронеллаля продукт трехкомпонентного взаимодействия удалось получить только с невысоким выходом. Алифатические диальдегиды не были ранее использованы в данных взаимодействиях; показано, что применение глутарового альдегида приводит к новому классу бис-производных 2-амино-4Н-пирана, в котором фрагменты соединены полиметиленовым мостиком. Использование α,β-ненасыщенных альдегидов в трехкомпонентном взаимодействии с 1-этил-2,1-бензотиазин-4(3Н)-он 2,2-диоксидом и малонодинитрилом сопровождалось уменьшением эффективности процесса по сравнению с насыщенными алифатическими альдегидами. Целевой продукт взаимодействия конденсированный 2-амино-3-циано-4Н-пиран был получен только в случае применения α-метилкоричного альдегида. Изучено взаимодействие между 1-этил-2,1-бензотиазин-4(3Н)-он 2,2-диоксидом и цитронеллалем; показано, что данная реакция протекает исключительно как стерео-специфичное домино-взаимодействие Кневенагеля-гетеро-Дильса-Альдера и приводит к образованию новой гетероциклической системы – 2,2a,3,4,5,6,6a,8-октагидроизохромено[4,3-c][2,1]бензотиазин 7,7-диоксида. Изучение антимикробной активности синтезированных соединений позволило обнаружить производные, проявляющие умеренную активность против P. aeruginosa и C. albicansВивчені доміно-взаємодії Кньовенагеля-Міхаеля-гетеро-Торпа-Ціглера та Кньовенагеля-гетеро-Дільса-Альдера за участю 1-етил-1Н-2,1-бензотіазин-4(3Н)-ону 2,2-діоксиду та аліфатичних альдегідів, що приводять до утворення відповідно похідних 2-аміно-3-ціано-4Н-пірану та 2Н-3,4-дигідропірану. Показано, що трикомпонентна одностадійна взаємодія 1-етил-1Н-2,1-бензотіазин-4(3Н)-ону 2,2-діоксиду з насиченими аліфатичними альдегідами і малонодинітрилом перебігає у дуже м’яких умовах і приводить до утворення 2-аміно-6-етил-4-алкіл-4,6-дигідропірано[3,2 c][2,1]бензотіазин-3-карбонітрил 5,5-діоксидів з високими та помірними виходами. У той же час збільшення довжини вуглецевого ланцюга аліфатичного альдегіду приводить до зменшення виходу цільових продуктів. Так, при використанні цитронелалю продукт трикомпонентної взаємодії вдалося одержати тільки з невисоким виходом. Аліфатичні діальдегіди не були раніше використані у даних взаємодіях; показано, що використання глутарового альдегіду дозволяє отримати новий клас біс-похідних 2-аміно-4Н-пірану, в якому фрагменти з’єднані поліметиленовим містком. Використання α,β-ненасичених альдегідів у трикомпонентній взаємодії з 1-етил-1Н-2,1-бензотіазин-4(3Н)-ону 2,2-діоксидом і малонодинітрилом супроводжувалося зменшенням ефективності процесу в порівнянні з насиченими аліфатичними альдегідами. Цільовий продукт взаємодії конденсований 2-аміно-3-ціано-4Н-піран був отриманий тільки у випадку застосування α-метилкоричного альдегіду. Вивчена взаємодія між 1-етил-1Н-2,1-бензотіазин-4(3Н)-ону 2,2-діоксидом і цитронелалем; показано, що така реакція перебігає винятково як стереоспецифічна доміно-взаємодія Кньовенагеля-гетеро-Дільса-Альдера і приводить до утворення нової гетероциклічної системи – 2,2a,3,4,5,6,6a,8-октагідроізохромено[4,3-c][2,1]бензотіазин 7,7-діоксиду. Вивчення антимікробної активності синтезованих сполук дозволило виявити похідні, що проявляють помірну активність проти P. aeruginosa і C. albicans

Antioxidative Activity of Ferrocenes Bearing 2,6-Di-Tert-Butylphenol Moieties

The antioxidative activity of ferrocenes bearing either 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol or phenyl groups has been compared using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) test and in the study of the in vitro impact on lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate and on some characteristics of rat liver mitochondria. The results of DPPH test at 20°C show that the activity depends strongly upon the presence of phenolic group but is improved by the influence of ferrocenyl fragment. The activity of N-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)iminomethylferrocene (1), for instance, was 88.4%, which was higher than the activity of a known antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) (48.5%), whereas the activity of N-phenyl-iminomethylferrocene 2 was almost negligible −2.9%. The data obtained demonstrate that the compounds with 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol moiety are significantly more active than the corresponding phenyl analogues in the in vitro study of lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate. Ferrocene 1 performs a promising behavior as an antioxidant and inhibits the calcium-dependent swelling of mitochondria. These results allow us to propose the potential cytoprotective (neuroprotective) effect of ditopic compounds containing antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol group and redox active ferrocene fragment

Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers

Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants

White matter disturbances in major depressive disorder : a coordinated analysis across 20 international cohorts in the ENIGMA MDD working group

Altres ajuts: The ENIGMA-Major Depressive Disorder working group gratefully acknowledges support from the NIH Big Data to Knowledge (BD2K) award (U54 EB020403 to PMT) and NIH grant R01 MH116147 (PMT). LS is supported by an NHMRC MRFF Career Development Fellowship (APP1140764). We wish to acknowledge the patients and control subjects that have particiaped int the study. We thank Rosa Schirmer, Elke Schreiter, Reinhold Borschke and Ines Eidner for image acquisition and data preparation, and Anna Oliynyk for quality checks. We thank Dorothee P. Auer and F. Holsboer for initiation of the RUD study. We wish to acknowledge the patients and control subjects that have particiaped int the study. We thank Rosa Schirmer, Elke Schreiter, Reinhold Borschke and Ines Eidner for image acquisition and data preparation, and Anna Oliynyk for quality checks. We thank Dorothee P. Auer and F. Holsboer for initiation of the RUD study. NESDA: The infrastructure for the NESDA study (www.nesda.nl) is funded through the Geestkracht program of the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (Zon-Mw, grant number 10-000-1002) and is supported by participating universities (VU University Medical Center, GGZ inGeest, Arkin, Leiden University Medical Center, GGZ Rivierduinen, University Medical Center Groningen) and mental health care organizations, see www.nesda.nl. M-JvT was supported by a VENI grant (NWO grant number 016.156.077). UCSF: This work was supported by the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation (formerly NARSAD) to TTY; the National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH085734 to TTY; K01MH117442 to TCH) and by the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (PDF-1-064-13) to TCH. Stanford: This work was supported by NIMH Grants R01MH59259 and R37101495 to IHG. MS is partially supported by an award funded by the Phyllis and Jerome Lyle Rappaport Foundation. Muenster: This work was funded by the German Research Foundation (SFB-TRR58, Projects C09 and Z02 to UD) and the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) of the medical faculty of Münster (grant Dan3/012/17 to UD). Marburg: This work was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG, grant FOR2107 DA1151/5-1 and DA1151/5-2 to UD; KI 588/ 14-1, KI 588/14-2 to TK; KR 3822/7-1, KR 3822/7-2 to AK; JA 1890/ 7-1, JA 1890/7-2 to AJ). IMH-MDD: This work was supported by the National Healthcare Group Research Grant (SIG/15012) awarded to KS. Barcelona: This study was funded by two grants of the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, by the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM). The author is funded through 'Miguel Servet' research contract (CP16-0020), co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (2016-2019). QTIM: We thank the twins and singleton siblings who gave generously of their time to participate in the QTIM study. We also thank the many research assistants, radiographers, and IT support staff for data acquisition and DNA sample preparation. This study was funded by White matter disturbances in major depressive disorder: a coordinated analysis across 20 international. . . 1521 the National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (RO1 HD050735); National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (Award 1U54EB020403-01, Subaward 56929223); National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia (Project Grants 496682, 1009064). NIH ENIGMA-BD2K U54 EB020403 (Thompson); R01 MH117601 (Jahanshad/Schmaal). Magdeburg: M.L. and M.W. are funded by SFB 779. Bipolar Family Study: This study has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013). This paper reflects only the author's views and the European Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. This work was also supported by a Wellcome Trust Strategic Award (104036/Z/14/Z). Minnesota Adolescent Depression Study: The study was funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH090421), the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression, the University of Minnesota Graduate School, the Minnesota Medical Foundation, and the Biotechnology Research Center (P41 RR008079 to the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research), University of Minnesota, and the Deborah E. Powell Center for Women's Health Seed Grant, University of Minnesota. Dublin: This study was supported by Science Foundation Ireland through a Stokes Professorhip grant to TF. MPIP: The MPIP Sample comprises patients included in the Recurrent Unipolar Depression (RUD) Case-Control study at the clinic of the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, German. The RUD study was supported by GlaxoSmithKline.Alterations in white matter (WM) microstructure have been implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, previous findings have been inconsistent, partially due to low statistical power and the heterogeneity of depression. In the largest multi-site study to date, we examined WM anisotropy and diffusivity in 1305 MDD patients and 1602 healthy controls (age range 12-88 years) from 20 samples worldwide, which included both adults and adolescents, within the MDD Working Group of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) consortium. Processing of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data and statistical analyses were harmonized across sites and effects were meta-analyzed across studies. We observed subtle, but widespread, lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in adult MDD patients compared with controls in 16 out of 25 WM tracts of interest (Cohen's d between 0.12 and 0.26). The largest differences were observed in the corpus callosum and corona radiata. Widespread higher radial diffusivity (RD) was also observed (all Cohen's d between 0.12 and 0.18). Findings appeared to be driven by patients with recurrent MDD and an adult age of onset of depression. White matter microstructural differences in a smaller sample of adolescent MDD patients and controls did not survive correction for multiple testing. In this coordinated and harmonized multisite DTI study, we showed subtle, but widespread differences in WM microstructure in adult MDD, which may suggest structural disconnectivity in MDD

Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers

: Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants

Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers

Publisher Copyright: © 2023, The Author(s).Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants.Peer reviewe

Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers

Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years(1,2). Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period(3). Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe(4), but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants.Molecular Technology and Informatics for Personalised Medicine and Healt