The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex

The cerebral cortex underlies our complex cognitive capabilities, yet little is known about the specific genetic loci that influence human cortical structure. To identify genetic variants that affect cortical structure, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of brain magnetic resonance imaging data from 51,665 individuals. We analyzed the surface area and average thickness of the whole cortex and 34 regions with known functional specializations. We identified 199 significant loci and found significant enrichment for loci influencing total surface area within regulatory elements that are active during prenatal cortical development, supporting the radial unit hypothesis. Loci that affect regional surface area cluster near genes in Wnt signaling pathways, which influence progenitor expansion and areal identity. Variation in cortical structure is genetically correlated with cognitive function, Parkinson's disease, insomnia, depression, neuroticism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Fostering Entrepreneurship in China: A Survey of the Economic Literature

The economic literature can help us find how to foster entrepreneurship in China in order to ensure a sustainable economic growth. Someone asked Confucius ‘Why do you not take part in government?’ The Master replied: ‘The Book of History says, Oh! Simply by being a good son and friendly to his brothers, a man can exert an influence upon government.” In so doing a man is, in fact, taking part in government.’ (Confucius, The Anaclets, II.21. Translated by D.C. Lau, 1979) Zeal without knowledge is the sister of folly. (John Davies of Hereford, The Scourge of Folly, 1611