A atuação da sociedade civil durante a aprovação da Lei de Serviços de Comunicação Audiovisual do Uruguai

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Comunicação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação, 2018.O presente trabalho analisa a trajetória de atuação de organizações da sociedade civil no processo de aprovação da Lei de Serviços de Comunicação Audiovisual do Uruguai, publicada em janeiro de 2015. Partindo de marcos teóricos presentes na teoria gramsciniana, propomos uma contextualização com as políticas de comunicação implementadas na América do Sul na tentativa de desconcentração da propriedade dos meios de comunicação. A partir do método dialético-histórico e após a realização de oito entrevistas semiestruturadas ─ acrescidas de análises bibliográficas e documentais ─ o caso do Uruguai foi analisado sob a perspectiva da Coalizão por uma Comunicação Democrática (CCD), organização que reúne dezenas de entidades da sociedade civil e que protagonizou a formulação e a pressão política pela aprovação do texto legal. O trabalho também apresenta um quadro comparativo entre as demandas apresentadas e o que foi aprovado, além de uma avaliação final sobre os resultados do processo; se houve avanços, quais foram e os objetivos não alcançados. Pode-se afirmar que, ainda que tenha havido uma conjunção de fatores que possibilitaram a aprovação da lei, a pressão exercida pela Coalizão foi fundamental para impedir que o Poder Executivo adiasse o processo por mais um mandato. No entanto, a não regulamentação do texto após três anos de sua aprovação prejudica a possibilidade de maior pluralidade de vozes e atrasa o processo contrahegemônico de combate à concentração privada da mídia no país.This paper analyzes the performance trajectory of civil society organizations during the approval of the Uruguayan Audiovisual Communication Services Law, published in January of 2015. Starting from the theoretical frameworks present in Gramsci's theory, we propose a contextualization with the communication policies implemented in South America in an attempt to deconcentrate the propriety of the media. Based on the dialectical-historical method and after eight semi-structured interviews - with bibliographical and documentary studies - the case of Uruguay was analyzed from the perspective of the Coalition for a Democratic Communication (CCD), an organization that brings together dozens of entities from civil society and that carried out the formulation and the political pressure for the approval of the legal text. The paper also presents a comparative table between the demands submitted and what was approved, as well as a final evaluation on the results of the process: if there were advances, what were them and the goals not reached. Although there was a combination of factors that made possible to approve the law, the pressure exerted by the Coalition was fundamental to prevent the Executive Power from postponing the process for another term. However, the non-regulation of the text after three years of its approval hinders the possibility of greater plurality of voices and delays the counter-hegemonic process of combating private media concentration in the country

Jamming transition in air transportation networks

In this work we present a model of an air transportation traffic system from the complex network modelling viewpoint. In the network, every node corresponds to a given airport, and two nodes are connected by means of flight routes. Each node is weighted according to its load capacity, and links are weighted according to the Euclidean distance that separates each pair of nodes. Local rules describing the behavior of individual nodes in terms of the surrounding flow have been also modelled, and a random network topology has been chosen in a baseline approach. Numerical simulations describing the diffusion of a given number of agents (aircraft) in this network show the onset of a jamming transition that distinguishes an efficient regime with null amount of airport queues and high diffusivity (free phase) and a regime where bottlenecks suddenly take place, leading to a poor aircraft diffusion (congested phase). Fluctuations are maximal around the congestion threshold, suggesting that the transition is critical. We then proceed by exploring the robustness of our results in neutral random topologies by embedding the model in heterogeneous networks. Specifically, we make use of the European air transportation network formed by 858 airports and 11170 flight routes connecting them, which we show to be scale-free. The jamming transition is also observed in this case. These results and methodologies may introduce relevant decision making procedures in order to optimize the air transportation traffic

Certification of nontermination proofs using strategies and nonlooping derivations

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland. The development of sophisticated termination criteria for term rewrite systems has led to powerful and complex tools that produce (non)termination proofs automatically. While many techniques to establish termination have already been formalized—thereby allowing to certify such proofs—this is not the case for nontermination. In particular, the proof checker CeTA was so far limited to (innermost) loops. In this paper we present an Isabelle/HOL formalization of an extended repertoire of nontermination techniques. First, we formalized techniques for nonlooping nontermination. Second, the available strategies include (an extended version of) forbidden patterns, which cover in particular outermost and context-sensitive rewriting. Finally, a mechanism to support partial nontermination proofs further extends the applicability of our proof checker

A global biophysical typology of mangroves and its relevance for ecosystem structure and deforestation

Mangrove forests provide many ecosystem services but are among the world's most threatened ecosystems. Mangroves vary substantially according to their geomorphic and sedimentary setting; while several conceptual frameworks describe these settings, their spatial distribution has not been quantified. Here, we present a new global mangrove biophysical typology and show that, based on their 2016 extent, 40.5% (54,972 km2) of mangrove systems were deltaic, 27.5% (37,411 km2) were estuarine and 21.0% (28,493 km2) were open coast, with lagoonal mangroves the least abundant (11.0%, 14,993 km2). Mangroves were also classified based on their sedimentary setting, with carbonate mangroves being less abundant than terrigenous, representing just 9.6% of global coverage. Our typology provides a basis for future research to incorporate geomorphic and sedimentary setting in analyses. We present two examples of such applications. Firstly, based on change in extent between 1996 and 2016, we show while all types exhibited considerable declines in area, losses of lagoonal mangroves (- 6.9%) were nearly twice that of other types. Secondly, we quantify differences in aboveground biomass between mangroves of different types, with it being significantly lower in lagoonal mangroves. Overall, our biophysical typology provides a baseline for assessing restoration potential and for quantifying mangrove ecosystem service provision

Avaliação dos custos relacionados às medidas preventivas e ao tratamento do câncer de colo de útero no Brasil / Evaluation of the costs related to preventive measures and treatment of cervical cancer in Brazil

Introdução: O câncer de colo uterino é um importante problema de saúde pública, é o terceiro câncer mais frequente em mulheres e a quarta causa de mortalidade no Brasil. Dentre todos os tipos de câncer, o câncer do colo do útero é o que apresenta um dos mais altos potenciais de prevenção e cura, se diagnosticado e tratado precocemente. O exame de rastreio deste câncer é considerado umas das estratégicas públicas mais efetivas, seguras e de baixo custo para detecção precoce. O crescimento nos gastos para controle da doença acentua sua importância como problema de saúde pública, o tratamento do câncer do colo do útero representa um grande impacto na economia brasileira. Objetivos: Avaliar as características clínico-epidemiológicas e os custos das internações hospitalares e procedimentos realizados no SUS por câncer de colo uterino no período de 2012 a 2017. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, com informações coletadas a partir do banco de dados TabNet- DataSUS, utilizando o CID-10 “C53.0- Neoplasia maligna do colo uterino”. Foram incluídas todas as faixas etárias que necessitaram de internação hospitalar, registrados no período de 2012 a 2017, em todos os Regiões brasileiras. Analisou-se os custos, caráter de internação e mortalidade. NO período do estudo a cobertura da vacina predominou no sexo feminino (86%), semelhante a estudos realizados nos EUA. A colpocitologia teve uma média de cobertura em torno de 28,55%. Em relação aos custos gastos com rastreamento e diagnóstico de câncer de colo uterino, obtivemos resultados inferiores em relação a outros países. A taxa média de internações hospitalares por ano foi de 3,54 internações/10.000 mulheres expostas. A idade média com maior número de internação foi 40 a 59 anos, com aproximadamente 6 dias de internação. Do ponto de vista econômico, o valor médio gasto por cada internação foi de R$ 1683,33. Os gastos com serviços hospitalares foram quatro vezes maiores do que o gasto com serviços de profissionais da área da saúde.  Das pacientes internadas, 13.358 pacientes evoluíram para o óbito em 5 anos. Conclusão: Conclui-se, portanto, que ocorreu aumento significativo no número das internações hospitalares por câncer de colo uterino, e que a taxa de cobertura do exame colpocitológico está muito baixa, necessitando-se campanhas de estímulos à realização do mesmo

Effect of nickel on the hydrogen stress cracking resistance of ferritic/pearlitic low alloy steels

Nickel additions to low alloy steels improve mechanical and technological properties. However, Part 2 of ISO Standard 15156 limits the nickel content to a maximum of 1 wt% in oil and gas environments containing H2S because of controversial concerns regarding sulfide stress cracking. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of nickel in solid solution in the ferrite phase on hydrogen stress cracking resistance. Ferritic/pearlitic research-grade low alloy steels with nominal nickel contents of 0, 1, 2, and 3 wt% were tested by the slow strain rate test method with cathodic hydrogen charging to -1.05 VAg/AgCl and -2 VAg/AgCl. No difference in fracture mode or morphology was found between the alloys. However, the plastic elongation ratios and reduction in area ratios decreased with increasing nickel content when tested at -2 VAg/AgCl. The direct and indirect effects of nickel, such as the influence of an increasing fraction of pearlite with increasing nickel content, are discussed

The interplay of landscape composition and configuration: new pathways to manage functional biodiversity and agroecosystem services across Europe

Managing agricultural landscapes to support biodiversity and ecosystem services is a key aim of a sustainable agriculture. However, how the spatial arrangement of crop fields and other habitats in landscapes impacts arthropods and their functions is poorly known. Synthesising data from 49 studies (1515 landscapes) across Europe, we examined effects of landscape composition (% habitats) and configuration (edge density) on arthropods in fields and their margins, pest control, pollination and yields. Configuration effects interacted with the proportions of crop and non‐crop habitats, and species’ dietary, dispersal and overwintering traits led to contrasting responses to landscape variables. Overall, however, in landscapes with high edge density, 70% of pollinator and 44% of natural enemy species reached highest abundances and pollination and pest control improved 1.7‐ and 1.4‐fold respectively. Arable‐dominated landscapes with high edge densities achieved high yields. This suggests that enhancing edge density in European agroecosystems can promote functional biodiversity and yield‐enhancing ecosystem services

A multi-ethnic genome-wide association study implicates collagen matrix integrity and cell differentiation pathways in keratoconus

Keratoconus is characterised by reduced rigidity of the cornea with distortion and focal thinning that causes blurred vision, however, the pathogenetic mechanisms are unknown. It can lead to severe visual morbidity in children and young adults and is a common indication for corneal transplantation worldwide. Here we report the first large scale genome-wide association study of keratoconus including 4,669 cases and 116,547 controls. We have identified significant association with 36 genomic loci that, for the first time, implicate both dysregulation of corneal collagen matrix integrity and cell differentiation pathways as primary disease-causing mechanisms. The results also suggest pleiotropy, with some disease mechanisms shared with other corneal diseases, such as Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. The common variants associated with keratoconus explain 12.5% of the genetic variance, which shows potential for the future development of a diagnostic test to detect susceptibility to disease

Characterizing Emerging Canine H3 Influenza Viruses.

The continual emergence of novel influenza A strains from non-human hosts requires constant vigilance and the need for ongoing research to identify strains that may pose a human public health risk. Since 1999, canine H3 influenza A viruses (CIVs) have caused many thousands or millions of respiratory infections in dogs in the United States. While no human infections with CIVs have been reported to date, these viruses could pose a zoonotic risk. In these studies, the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS) network collaboratively demonstrated that CIVs replicated in some primary human cells and transmitted effectively in mammalian models. While people born after 1970 had little or no pre-existing humoral immunity against CIVs, the viruses were sensitive to existing antivirals and we identified a panel of H3 cross-reactive human monoclonal antibodies (hmAbs) that could have prophylactic and/or therapeutic value. Our data predict these CIVs posed a low risk to humans. Importantly, we showed that the CEIRS network could work together to provide basic research information important for characterizing emerging influenza viruses, although there were valuable lessons learned

CfA3: 185 Type Ia Supernova Light Curves from the CfA

We present multi-band photometry of 185 type-Ia supernovae (SN Ia), with over 11500 observations. These were acquired between 2001 and 2008 at the F. L. Whipple Observatory of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA). This sample contains the largest number of homogeneously-observed and reduced nearby SN Ia (z < 0.08) published to date. It more than doubles the nearby sample, bringing SN Ia cosmology to the point where systematic uncertainties dominate. Our natural system photometry has a precision of 0.02 mag or better in BVRIr'i' and roughly 0.04 mag in U for points brighter than 17.5 mag. We also estimate a systematic uncertainty of 0.03 mag in our SN Ia standard system BVRIr'i' photometry and 0.07 mag for U. Comparisons of our standard system photometry with published SN Ia light curves and comparison stars, where available for the same SN, reveal agreement at the level of a few hundredths mag in most cases. We find that 1991bg-like SN Ia are sufficiently distinct from other SN Ia in their color and light-curve-shape/luminosity relation that they should be treated separately in light-curve/distance fitter training samples. The CfA3 sample will contribute to the development of better light-curve/distance fitters, particularly in the few dozen cases where near-infrared photometry has been obtained and, together, can help disentangle host-galaxy reddening from intrinsic supernova color, reducing the systematic uncertainty in SN Ia distances due to dust.Comment: Accepted to the Astrophysical Journal. Minor changes from last version. Light curves, comparison star photometry, and passband tables are available at http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/supernova/CfA3