Теоретичні та прикладні аспекти ефективності праці як соціально-економічної категорії

Introduction. Improving labour efficiency is the key to successful operation of any organization. Social and economic development of the state is largely depends on the in-depth study of labour efficiency management. These issues should be solved at certain enterprises at macro- and meso-economic levels. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to deepen theoretical and methodological principles and develop practical recommendations for improving labour efficiency. Results. The generalization of theoretical and methodological provisions of the category of labour efficiency is carried out. Methodical approaches to the evaluation and measurement of labour efficiency at enterprises have been considered. It is established that labour efficiency, as an economic category, takes into account many aspects that reveal it through certain characteristics, which are expressed in labour productivity, quality and labour performance. It was found that increasing the production of surplus products can increase productivity, but will reduce its efficiency. It is noted that labour efficiency is a dynamic indicator that reflects evaluation of changes in the sum of indicators of labour quality and productivity, life quality of all stakeholders involved in the working process and the use of its results. It is proposed to consider the category "labour efficiency" in terms of qualitative and quantitative criteria and substantiate the essence of labour efficiency, which reflects qualitative component in the form of products of specific consumer quality with value added and quantitative component in the form of manufactured products to the amount of labour spent on its production. The method of building a model for determining the coefficients of rating of the factors of enterprise development using the method of linearization of the model of labour efficiency is proposed. Conclusions. It is proposed to evaluate labour efficiency at the enterprise using a quantitative criterion which is the average hourly output of one employee, and a qualitative criterion which is the average hourly value added per employee. The increase in value added at the enterprise is achieved through the optimization of all production processes. The comparative complex analysis by means of the method of defining specific rating coefficients (SRC) of influence of development factors on labour efficiency at the machine-building enterprises is carried out. Proposals have been developed to evaluate optimal conditions for the development, stability and decline (bankruptcy) of machine-building enterprises.Вступ. Підвищення ефективності праці виступає запорукою успішної діяльності будь-якої організації. Соціально-економічний розвиток держави набагато в чому обумовлений необхідністю поглибленого дослідження питань управління ефективністю праці, які повинні вирішуватися як на окремих підприємствах, так і на макро- та мезоекономічному рівнях. Мета і завдання. Мета даної статті є поглиблення теоретико-методологічних положень та розробка практичних рекомендацій щодо підвищення ефективності праці. Результати. Здійснено узагальнення теоретико-методологічних положень категорії ефективність праці, розглянуті методичні підходи щодо оцінки і вимірювання ефективності праці на підприємствах. Встановлено, що ефективність праці як економічна категорія враховує багато аспектів, які розкривають її за допомогою окремих характерних рис, що виражаються продуктивністю праці, якістю та результативністю праці. З'ясовано, що зростання виробництва зайвої продукції може підвищувати продуктивність праці, але буде знижувати її ефективність. Відзначено, що ефективність праці динамічний показник, що відображає оцінку зміни суми показників продуктивності праці, якості праці, якості життя усіх залучених у процес праці і користування його результатами зацікавлених сторін. Запропоновано категорію «ефективність праці» розглядати з якісних та кількісних критеріїв та обґрунтовано сутність ефективності праці, що відображає якісну складову у вигляді виробленої продукції конкретної споживчої якості із створенням доданої вартості та кількісну складову у вигляді виробленої продукції до кількості витраченої на її виробництво праці. Запропонована методика побудови моделі визначення коефіцієнтів рейтингу впливу чинників розвитку підприємства із використанням методу лінеаризації моделі ефективності праці. Висновки. Пропонується здійснювати оцінку ефективності праці на підприємстві за допомогою кількісного критерію – середньогодинний виробіток одного працівника та якісного критерію - середньогодинна додана вартість одного працівника. Збільшення доданої вартості на підприємстві досягається завдяки оптимізації усіх процесів виробничої діяльності. Проведений порівняльний комплексний аналіз за допомогою методики визначення питомих коефіцієнтів рейтингу (ПК) впливу чинників розвитку на ефективність праці на машинобудівних підприємствах. Розроблені пропозиції щодо оцінки оптимальних умов розвитку, стабільності та занепаду (банкрутства) підприємств машинобудування

Photoelectrochemical water oxidation properties of bismuth vanadate photoanode irradiated by swift heavy ions

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a promising route for solar energy harvesting and storage. The most challenging obstacle for efficient water splitting is development of catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Monoclinic bismuth vanadate (BiVO4, BVO) stands out as an excellent photoanode material due to its high stability in near-neutral electrolytes, suitable band structure and low-cost synthesis. However, pronounced charge recombination is a huge limiting factor and understanding the effects contributing to it is important for further improvements. In present study, we report the effect of swift heavy ion (SHI) irradiation (Xe, 150 MeV, 1 × 1010 – 5 × 1011 ions cm-2 ) on physicochemical properties of hydrothermally synthesized BVO thin films. X-ray diffraction (XRD) study showed that irradiated material preserved initial monoclinic scheelite phase and preferential growth along [010] direction together with the presence of notable amorphization at the highest fluence. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of all samples showed prismatic grains with an average size of 600 nm with the appearance of ion tracks after irradiation. More detailed examination of 1 × 1010 ions cm-2 irradiated sample by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed presence of amorphous ion tracks (~ 10 nm in diameter) and hillocks at the BVO surface (~ 10 nm in height). Raman spectra showed bands that correspond to the monoclinic scheelite phase as well as the presence of new bands for 5 × 1011 ion cm-2 irradiated sample at 420 and 915 cm-1 that originate from complex vanadium oxides. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) after SHI irradiation showed an increase of V4+ states and oxygen vacancies, especially at higher fluences. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) measurements showed decrease of band gap with the increase of fluence. Photocurrent densities, obtained from 1-hour-long chronoamperometry measurements, showed that irradiation with 1 × 1010 ions cm-2 fluence leads to gradual recovery of PEC oxygen evolution with time. XRD, SEM and XPS measurements performed after PEC reveal complex changes in the BVO, including dissolution of the material along ion tracks.Twenty-First Young Researchers’ Conference - Materials Science and Engineering: Program and the Book of Abstracts; November 29 – December 1, 2023, Belgrade, Serbi

Influence of N5+ ion irradiation on physicochemical properties of bismuth vanadate

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells for solar-energy conversion have received huge interest as a promising technology for renewable energy production. For the efficient application of such cells, it is necessary to develop adequate photoelectrodes. Recently, bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) has emerged as a promising photoanode due to its visible light harvesting properties, band edge positions and low-cost of synthesis. In this study, the effects of N5+ ion irradiation (75keV, 2 × 1014 and 4 × 1014 ions/cm2 ) on physicochemical properties of hydrothermally synthesized BiVO4 thin films were examined. From X-ray diffraction (XRD) study can be concluded that initial monoclinic material didn’t sustain any phase transition after irradiation. Also, preferential orientation remained dominantly along [010] direction with a slightly increasing share of [121] oriented growth, especially after irradiation with 2 × 1014 ions/cm2 . XRD measurements showed shift towards the higher 2θ after irradiation which indicates that interplanar distances decreases. The highest level of crystallinity was observed for the sample irradiated with fluence of 4 × 1014 ions/cm2 . Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed prismatic morphology of all samples with an average grain size of 600 nm without visible traces of irradiation.Raman spectroscopy confirmed presence of bands that correspond to the monoclinic scheelite phase. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of V 2p confirmed presence of V5+ and V4+ while analysis of O 1s confirmed presence of oxygen in the form of lattice oxygen and in the form of hydroxide. UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance spectroscopy revealed that calculated band gap decreases with the increase of fluence

Hormonal parameters and embryological outcomes of in vitro fertilisation/intra cytoplasmic sperm injection cycles in women using dydrogesterone for the prevention of premature luteinizing hormone surge during ovarian stimulation

Aim. To evaluate the hormonal parameters and embryological outcomes of an ovarian stimulation protocol using dydrogesterone to prevent the premature LH surge in IVF/ICSI programmes. Materials and methods. A prospective study randomised, including 79 women with normal ovarian reserve undergoing ovarian stimulation for IVF/ICSI with recombinant FSH (rFSH) from Day 2 or 3 of the menstrual cycle. To prevent the premature LH surge, participants in Group 1 (n=38) received oral dydrogesterone 20 mg/day from the start of ovarian stimulation until the day of ovulation trigger administration. Participants in Group 2 (n=41) received a GnRH antagonist. We evaluated the starting and total dose of gonadotropins, duration of stimulation, serum levels of LH, oestradiol and progesterone on Day 1 and 6 of stimulation and the day of trigger administration, number of retrieved and mature oocytes, fertilization rate, and the number of blastocysts and cryopreserved embryos. Results. There were no significant differences in most hormonal parameters, characteristics of the ovarian stimulation and embryological outcomes between the two groups. Serum levels of progesterone in the dydrogesterone arm were higher than in the GnRH antagonist arm (2.3 nmol/l [2.03.4] vs 1.5 [1.02.4] nmol/l; p=0.026), but without any impact on the embryological outcomes. Conclusion. Prevention of premature LH surge in ovarian stimulation cycles using oral dydrogesterone may represent a convenient alternative to the conventional use of GnRH antagonists, reducing the number of required injections and potentially increasing the convenience in patients who are not planning a fresh embryo transfer

The effect of swift heavy ion irradiation on physicochemical properties of monoclinic bismuth vanadate

Monoclinic bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) is considered to be one of the most promising photoanode materials for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting due to its suitable band gap and band structure, good stability and low-cost synthesis. However, BiVO4 has poor charge transfer properties due to the high rate of electron-hole recombination and understanding the effects contributing to it is important for further improvements. Herein, we report the effect of swift heavy ion irradiation (Xe, 150 MeV, 1010 – 5×1011 ions/cm2 ) on physicochemical properties of hydrothermally synthesized BiVO4 thin films. X-ray diffraction study (XRD) showed that irradiated material preserved initial monoclinic scheelite crystal phase and preferential growth along [010] direction. As the fluence increased, a shift of the diffraction maxima towards lower 2θ values was observed indicating increased interplanar distances. Also, for the 5×1011 ions/cm2 irradiated sample, high degree of amorphization was noticed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of all samples showed prismatic grains with an average size of 600 nm. In irradiated samples formation of ion tracks, ~10 nm in diameter, was observed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of Bi 4f, V 2p and O 1s states showed that, after irradiation, increased amounts of V4+ and oxygen in the form of hydroxide occurred, especially at higher fluences. By using UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance spectroscopy we showed that band gap decreased with the increase of fluence. Photocurrent densities obtained from linear sweep voltammetry indicated that irradiation with fluences higher than 1010 ions/cm2 have a notable negative effect on PEC oxygen evolution reaction. However, 1-hour-long chronoamperometry measurements of 1010 ions/cm2 irradiated sample revealed an increase of photocurrent densities. In order to get a better insight into preceding phenomena, we performed XRD, SEM and XPS analysis after PEC process

Physicochemical properties of bismuth vanadate photoanode irradiated by swift heavy ions

Program and book of abstracts / 2nd International Conference on Innovative Materials in Extreme Conditions i. e. (IMEC2024), 20-22 March 2024 Belgrade, Serbia

Current issues of the Russian language teaching XIV

Collection of papers “Current issues of the Russian language teaching XIV” is devoted to issues of methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language, to issues of linguistics and literary science and includes papers related to the use of online tools and resources in teaching Russian. This collection of papers is a result of the international scientific conference “Current issues of the Russian language teaching XIV”, which was scheduled for 8–10 May 2020, but due to the pandemic COVID-19 took place remotely

Measurement of the top quark mass using charged particles in pp collisions at root s=8 TeV

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