124 research outputs found
Zooplankton carcasses and non-predatory mortality in freshwater and inland sea environments
Zooplankton carcasses are ubiquitous in marine and freshwater systems, implicating the importance of non-predatory mortality, but both are often overlooked in ecological studies compared with predatory mortality. The development of several microscopic methods allows the distinction between live and dead zooplankton in field samples, and the reported percentages of dead zooplankton average 11.6 (minimum) to 59.8 (maximum) in marine environments, and 7.4 (minimum) to 47.6 (maximum) in fresh and inland waters. Common causes of non-predatory mortality among zooplankton include senescence, temperature change, physical and chemical stresses, parasitism and food-related factors. Carcasses resulting from non-predatory mortality may undergo decomposition leading to an increase in microbial production and a shift in microbial composition in the water column. Alternatively, sinking carcasses may contribute significantly to vertical carbon flux especially outside the phytoplankton growth seasons, and become a food source for the benthos. Global climate change is already altering freshwater ecosystems on multiple levels, and likely will have significant positive or negative effects on zooplankton non-predatory mortality. Better spatial and temporal studies of zooplankton carcasses and non-predatory mortality rates will improve our understanding of this important but under-appreciated topic
Future projections of temperature and mixing regime of European temperate lakes
The physical response of lakes to climate warming is regionally
variable and highly dependent on individual lake characteristics, making
generalizations about their development difficult. To qualify the role of
individual lake characteristics in their response to regionally homogeneous
warming, we simulated temperature, ice cover, and mixing in four intensively
studied German lakes of varying morphology and mixing regime with a
one-dimensional lake model. We forced the model with an ensemble of 12
climate projections (RCP4.5) up to 2100. The lakes were projected to warm at
0.10â0.11 âC decadeâ1, which is 75 %â90 % of the
projected air temperature trend. In simulations, surface temperatures
increased strongly in winter and spring, but little or not at all in summer
and autumn. Mean bottom temperatures were projected to increase in all lakes,
with steeper trends in winter and in shallower lakes. Modelled ice thaw and
summer stratification advanced by 1.5â2.2 and 1.4â1.8Â days decadeâ1 respectively, whereas
autumn turnover and winter freeze timing was less sensitive. The projected
summer mixed-layer depth was unaffected by warming but sensitive to changes
in water transparency. By mid-century, the frequency of ice and
stratification-free winters was projected to increase by about 20 %,
making ice cover rare and shifting the two deeper dimictic lakes to a
predominantly monomictic regime. The polymictic lake was unlikely to become
dimictic by the end of the century. A sensitivity analysis predicted that
decreasing transparency would dampen the effect of warming on mean
temperature but amplify its effect on stratification. However, this
interaction was only predicted to occur in clear lakes, and not in the study
lakes at their historical transparency. Not only lake morphology, but also
mixing regime determines how heat is stored and ultimately how lakes respond
to climate warming. Seasonal differences in climate warming rates are thus
important and require more attention.</p
Modeling lakes and reservoirs in the climate system
Modeling studies examining the effect of lakes on regional and global climate, as well as studies on the influence of climate variability and change on aquatic ecosystems, are surveyed. Fully coupled atmosphereâland surfaceâlake climate models that could be used for both of these types of study simultaneously do not presently exist, though there are many applications that would benefit from such models. It is argued here that current understanding of physical and biogeochemical processes in freshwater systems is sufficient to begin to construct such models, and a path forward is proposed. The largest impediment to fully representing lakes in the climate system lies in the handling of lakes that are too small to be explicitly resolved by the climate model, and that make up the majority of the lake-covered area at the resolutions currently used by global and regional climate models. Ongoing development within the hydrological sciences community and continual improvements in model resolution should help ameliorate this issue
Numerical study on the response of the largest lake in China to climate change
Lakes are sensitive indicators of climate change. There are thousands of
lakes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), and more than 1200 of them have an area
larger than 1 km2; they respond quickly to climate change, but few
observation data of lakes are available. Therefore, the thermal condition of
the plateau lakes under the background of climate warming remains poorly
understood. In this study, the China regional surface meteorological feature dataset developed
by the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences
(ITPCAS), MODIS lake surface temperature (LST) data and buoy observation data
were used to evaluate the performance of lake model FLake, extended by simple
parameterizations of the salinity effect, for brackish lake and to reveal the
response of thermal conditions, radiation and heat balance of Qinghai Lake to
the recent climate change. The results demonstrated that the FLake has good
ability in capturing the seasonal variations in the lake surface temperature
and the internal thermal structure of Qinghai Lake. The simulated lake
surface temperature showed an increasing trend from 1979 to 2012, positively
correlated with the air temperature and the downward longwave radiation
while negatively correlated with the wind speed and downward shortwave
radiation. The simulated internal thermodynamic structure revealed that
Qinghai Lake is a dimictic lake with two overturn periods occurring in late
spring and late autumn. The surface and mean water temperatures of the lake
significantly increased from 1979 to 2012, while the bottom temperatures
showed no significant trend, even decreasing slightly from 1989 to 2012. The
warming was the strongest in winter for both the lake surface and air
temperature. With the warming of the climate, the later ice-on and earlier
ice-off trend was simulated in the lake, significantly influencing the
interannual and seasonal variability in radiation and heat flux. The annual
average net shortwave radiation and latent heat flux (LH) both increase
obviously while the net longwave radiation and sensible heat flux (SH)
decrease slightly. Earlier ice-off leads to more energy absorption mainly
in the form of shortwave radiation during the thawing period, and later ice-on
leads to more energy release in the form of longwave radiation, SH and LH
during the ice formation period. Meanwhile, the lakeâair temperature difference
increased in both periods due to shortening ice duration.</p
Planktonic events may cause polymictic-dimictic regime shifts in temperate lakes
Water transparency affects the thermal structure of lakes, and within certain lake depth ranges, it can determine whether a lake mixes regularly (polymictic regime) or stratifies continuously (dimictic regime) from spring through summer. Phytoplankton biomass can influence transparency but the effect of its seasonal pattern on stratification is unknown. Therefore we analysed long term field data from two lakes of similar depth, transparency and climate but one polymictic and one dimictic, and simulated a conceptual lake with a hydrodynamic model. Transparency in the study lakes was typically low during spring and summer blooms and high in between during the clear water phase (CWP), caused when zooplankton graze the spring bloom. The effect of variability of transparency on thermal structure was stronger at intermediate transparency and stronger during a critical window in spring when the rate of lake warming is highest. Whereas the spring bloom strengthened stratification in spring, the CWP weakened it in summer. The presence or absence of the CWP influenced stratification duration and under some conditions determined the mixing regime. Therefore seasonal plankton dynamics, including biotic interactions that suppress the CWP, can influence lake temperatures, stratification duration, and potentially also the mixing regime
The role of internal feedbacks in shifting deep lake mixing regimes under a warming climate
1. Climate warming is causing changes in the physics of deep lakes, such as longer summer stratification, increased water column stability, reduced ice cover, and a shallower depth of winter overturns. An ultimate consequence of warming would be a transition to a different mixing regime. Here we investigate the role of physical, chemical, and biological feedback mechanisms that unfold during a shift in mixing regime, and whether these feedbacks could prompt and stabilise the new regime. Although climate, interannual temperature variation, and lake morphometry are the main determinants of a mixing regime, when climate change causes shifts in mixing regime, internal feedback mechanisms may gain in importance and modify lake ecosystem functioning. 2. We review the role of these feedbacks in three mixing regime shifts: from polymictic to seasonally stratified, from dimictic to monomictic, and from holomictic to oligomictic or meromictic. 3. Polymictic lakes of intermediate depth (c. 3â10 m mean depth) could experience seasonal stratification if a stratification event triggers phytoplankton blooms or dissolved organic matter release, reducing transparency and therefore further heating the surface layer. However, this feedback is only likely to have influence in small and clear lakes, it would be easily disturbed by weather conditions, and the resulting stratified state does not remain stable in the long term, as stratification is lost in winter. 4. The iceâalbedo feedback might cause an accelerated shift from iceâcovered (dimictic) to iceâfree (monomictic) winters in sufficiently deep (mean depth 50 m or more) lakes, where temperature memory is carried over from one winter to the next. Nevertheless, there is an ongoing debate into whether this process can persist during natural weather variations and overcome selfâstabilising mechanisms such as thermal insulation by snow. The majority of studies suggest that a gradual transition from dimictic to monomictic is more likely than an abrupt transition. 5. A shift from a holomictic to a meromictic regime can occur if anoxia is triggered by incomplete mixing and an increase in deepâwater densityâthrough the accumulation of solutesâexceeds a density decrease by hypolimnetic warming. A shift to meromixis would strongly alter the biology of a lake and might be difficult to reverse. If solutes accumulate only minimally in the hypolimnion, an oligomictic regime is formed, in which years with complete and incomplete mixing alternate. 6. Understanding the importance of feedback mechanisms and the role of biogeochemistry when lakes shift in mixing regime could lead to a better understanding of how climate change affects lake ecosystems
Attribution of global lake systems change to anthropogenic forcing
Lake ecosystems are jeopardized by the impacts of climate change on ice seasonality and water temperatures. Yet historical simulations have not been used to formally attribute changes in lake ice and temperature to anthropogenic drivers. In addition, future projections of these properties are limited to individual lakes or global simulations from single lake models. Here we uncover the human imprint on lakes worldwide using hindcasts and projections from five lake models. Reanalysed trends in lake temperature and ice cover in recent decades are extremely unlikely to be explained by pre-industrial climate variability alone. Ice-cover trends in reanalysis are consistent with lake model simulations under historical conditions, providing attribution of lake changes to anthropogenic climate change. Moreover, lake temperature, ice thickness and duration scale robustly with global mean air temperature across future climate scenarios (+0.9 °C °Cairâ1, â0.033 m °Cairâ1 and â9.7 d °Cairâ1, respectively). These impacts would profoundly alter the functioning of lake ecosystems and the services they provide
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Warming of Central European lakes and their response to the 1980s climate regime shift
Lake surface water temperatures (LSWTs) are sensitive to atmospheric warming and have previously been shown to respond to regional changes in the climate. Using a combination of in situ and simulated surface temperatures from 20 Central European lakes, with data spanning between 50 and âŒ100 years, we investigate the long-term increase in annually averaged LSWT. We demonstrate that Central European lakes are warming most in spring and experience a seasonal variation in LSWT trends. We calculate significant LSWT warming during the past few decades and illustrate, using a sequential t test analysis of regime shifts, a substantial increase in annually averaged LSWT during the late 1980s, in response to an abrupt shift in the climate. Surface air temperature measurements from 122 meteorological stations situated throughout Central Europe demonstrate similar increases at this time. Climatic modification of LSWT has numerous consequences for water quality and lake ecosystems. Quantifying the response of LSWT increase to large-scale and abrupt climatic shifts is essential to understand how lakes will respond in the future
The extent and variability of storm-induced temperature changes in lakes measured with long-term and high-frequency data
The intensity and frequency of storms are projected to increase in many regions of the world because of climate change. Storms can alter environmental conditions in many ecosystems. In lakes and reservoirs, storms can reduce epilimnetic temperatures from wind-induced mixing with colder hypolimnetic waters, direct precipitation to the lake's surface, and watershed runoff. We analyzed 18 long-term and high-frequency lake datasets from 11 countries to assess the magnitude of wind- vs. rainstorm-induced changes in epilimnetic temperature. We found small day-to-day epilimnetic temperature decreases in response to strong wind and heavy rain during stratified conditions. Day-to-day epilimnetic temperature decreased, on average, by 0.28 degrees C during the strongest windstorms (storm mean daily wind speed among lakes: 6.7 +/- 2.7 m s(-1), 1 SD) and by 0.15 degrees C after the heaviest rainstorms (storm mean daily rainfall: 21.3 +/- 9.0 mm). The largest decreases in epilimnetic temperature were observed >= 2 d after sustained strong wind or heavy rain (top 5(th) percentile of wind and rain events for each lake) in shallow and medium-depth lakes. The smallest decreases occurred in deep lakes. Epilimnetic temperature change from windstorms, but not rainstorms, was negatively correlated with maximum lake depth. However, even the largest storm-induced mean epilimnetic temperature decreases were typicallyPeer reviewe
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Atmospheric stilling leads to prolonged thermal stratification in a large shallow polymictic lake
To quantify the effects of recent and potential future decreases in surface wind speeds on lake thermal stratification, we apply the one-dimensional process-based model MyLake to a large, shallow, polymictic lake, VÔrtsjÀrv. The model is validated for a 3-year period and run separately for 28 years using long-term daily atmospheric forcing data from a nearby meteorological station. Model simulations show exceptionally good agreement with observed surface and bottom water temperatures during the 3-year period. Similarly, simulated surface water temperatures for 28 years show remarkably good agreement with long-term in situ water temperatures. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates that decreasing wind speeds has resulted in substantial changes in stratification dynamics since 1982, while increasing air temperatures during the same period had a negligible effect. Atmospheric stilling is a phenomenon observed globally, and in addition to recent increases in surface air temperature, needs to be considered when evaluating the influence of climate change on lake ecosystems
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