Current controversies in radiotherapy for breast cancer

Multimodal treatment approaches have substantially improved the outcome of breast cancer patients in the last decades. Radiotherapy is an integral component of multimodal treatment concepts used in curative and palliative intention in numerous clinical situations from precursor lesions such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to advanced breast cancer. This review addresses current controversial topics in radiotherapy with special consideration of DCIS, accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) and regional nodal irradiation (RNI) and provides an update on the clinical practice guidelines of the Breast Cancer Expert Panel of the German Society of Radiation Oncology (DEGRO)

Nonlinear Metamaterials

Metamaterials are engineered structures designed to exhibit exotic electromagnetic properties. Early on in the development of metamaterials, these properties were extended to exotic regimes of nonlinear behaviour, unknown in classical nonlinear optics. In this chapter, we give a historical overview of metamaterials, considering first their exotic linear properties, and show how these give rise to exotic nonlinear properties, at frequency ranges from RF to visible. We overview the main attractive features of metamaterials for nonlinear applications, namely their strong local field enhancement, their ability to achieve exotic phase matching conditions, and the possibility to create inclusions with the correct symmetry to enhance a chosen nonlinear process. We then summarise the two most important classes of nonlinear optical metamaterials, plasmonic and all-dielectric