COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT SYSTEMS FOR PROVIDING TRANSOSSEOUS OSTEOSYNTHESIS IN SMALL PETS IN MODERN VETERINARY PRACTICE

The article is devoted to a general review of various systems for external osteosynthesis used in modern veterinary medicine. The aim of the study was to summarize and analyze articles on the use of various systems for external osteosynthesis used in modern veterinary medicine. The analysis of the technical base of the main components of the systems under study for external (transosseous) osteosynthesis was carried out. An assessment was made of the possibility of assembling hardware structures from the parts of the systems under study from the point of view of hardware configurations. The study found: - To ensure the functional diversity of hardware combinations, the systems studied in the work use radius components (rings and their derivatives), which originate from the rings represented in the Ilizarov system. - The presence of special clamping devices in the systems expands the clinical range of application of hardware structures for transosseous osteosynthesis. - The use of rotary mechanisms in the form of brackets (cardans, hinges) expands the technological possibilities of using external fixation devices, if spatial control of hardware structures is necessary, both during operations and in the postoperative period

APPLICATION OF VOSYS-OPTIMA SYSTEM COMPONENTS IN CONSTRUCTION OF HARDWARE LAYOUTS OF MONOLATERAL COMBINATION WITH ANGULAR SUPPORT IN CASES OF TREATMENT OF INTRAARTICULAR KNEE FRACTURES AND DISTAL CIRCUMARTICULAR FRACTURES OF THE FEMUR IN DOGS AND CATS

For treatment of prearticular and intraarticular fractures including knee joint area in dogs and cats, as a rule, thin pins, serclage, plates, and their combinations are used depending on fracture area and fracture complexity, which fails to fully provide sufficient stability of osteosynthesis. Purpose of the study was to study the processes taking place in the joints of operated animals at prolonged blockage with hardware constructions for the period of healing of the prearticular and intraarticular fractures. Scientific novelty. Based on a comprehensive study, the use of monolateral combination arrangements with angular support for the treatment of intra-articular fractures of the stifle joint, as well as distal periarticular femur fractures in dogs and cats, was evaluated. The feasibility of the need to protect the operated area from force during fracture healing was determined. Methods. To treat fractures in the knee joint area, polyfunctional monoblocks without a push-back rod, transosseous insertion rods of different diameters depending on the size of the animal, and supports of different diameters with a 125-130° bend were used. A total of 16 operations were performed, 5 dogs and 11 cats. The dogs came in weighing from 4 to 15 kg. The age was from 5 to 38 months old. The cats were 4 to 41 months old, their weights ranging from 1.2 to 5 kg. The supports used were 3, 4, and 5 mm in diameter. Results. Contracture of the operated limbs in the animals after removal of the hardware constructs in our study was more or less pronounced in the animals with more than 2 weeks of hardware fixation. We did not find the presence of contracture in animals with hardware structures removed after two weeks, while lameness in these animals could be observed from 3 to 12 days, the loss of muscle mass of the thigh in the form of a decrease in its volume was not observed. The picture was similar for both cats and dogs. Conclusion. The use of monolateral combinations with angular support for treatment of intraarticular fractures of the knee joint as well as distal circumarticular fractures of the femur in dogs and cats is reasonable in terms of the need to protect the operated area from forceful influences during fracture healing. The most physiological period of blocking the area of the knee joint with the external fixation apparatus in our study was from 2 to 3 weeks regardless of the age of the animal

Theory of spin-polarized bipolar transport in magnetic p-n junctions

The interplay between spin and charge transport in electrically and magnetically inhomogeneous semiconductor systems is investigated theoretically. In particular, the theory of spin-polarized bipolar transport in magnetic p-n junctions is formulated, generalizing the classic Shockley model. The theory assumes that in the depletion layer the nonequilibrium chemical potentials of spin up and spin down carriers are constant and carrier recombination and spin relaxation are inhibited. Under the general conditions of an applied bias and externally injected (source) spin, the model formulates analytically carrier and spin transport in magnetic p-n junctions at low bias. The evaluation of the carrier and spin densities at the depletion layer establishes the necessary boundary conditions for solving the diffusive transport equations in the bulk regions separately, thus greatly simplifying the problem. The carrier and spin density and current profiles in the bulk regions are calculated and the I-V characteristics of the junction are obtained. It is demonstrated that spin injection through the depletion layer of a magnetic p-n junction is not possible unless nonequilibrium spin accumulates in the bulk regions--either by external spin injection or by the application of a large bias. Implications of the theory for majority spin injection across the depletion layer, minority spin pumping and spin amplification, giant magnetoresistance, spin-voltaic effect, biasing electrode spin injection, and magnetic drift in the bulk regions are discussed in details, and illustrated using the example of a GaAs based magnetic p-n junction.Comment: 36 pages, 11 figures, 2 table

Nuclear Polarization of Molecular Hydrogen Recombined on a Non-metallic Surface

The nuclear polarization of $\mathrm{H}_2$ molecules formed by recombination of nuclear polarized H atoms on the surface of a storage cell initially coated with a silicon-based polymer has been measured by using the longitudinal double-spin asymmetry in deep-inelastic positron-proton scattering. The molecules are found to have a substantial nuclear polarization, which is evidence that initially polarized atoms retain their nuclear polarization when absorbed on this type of surfac

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Induced Bacteraemia Does Not Lead to Reporter Gene Expression in Mouse Organs

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the main plant biotechnology gene transfer tool with host range which can be extended to non-plant eukaryotic organisms under laboratory conditions. Known medical cases of Agrobacterium species isolation from bloodstream infections necessitate the assessment of biosafety-related risks of A. tumefaciens encounters with mammalian organisms. Here, we studied the survival of A. tumefaciens in bloodstream of mice injected with bacterial cultures. Bacterial titers of 108 CFU were detected in the blood of the injected animals up to two weeks after intravenous injection. Agrobacteria carrying Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter-based constructs and isolated from the injected mice retained their capacity to promote green fluorescent protein (GFP) synthesis in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. To examine whether or not the injected agrobacteria are able to express in mouse organs, we used an intron-containing GFP (GFPi) reporter driven either by a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter or by a CaMV 35S promoter. Western and northern blot analyses as well as RT-PCR analysis of liver, spleen and lung of mice injected with A. tumefaciens detected neither GFP protein nor its transcripts. Thus, bacteraemia induced in mice by A. tumefaciens does not lead to detectible levels of genetic transformation of mouse organs

Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications

Spintronics, or spin electronics, involves the study of active control and manipulation of spin degrees of freedom in solid-state systems. This article reviews the current status of this subject, including both recent advances and well-established results. The primary focus is on the basic physical principles underlying the generation of carrier spin polarization, spin dynamics, and spin-polarized transport in semiconductors and metals. Spin transport differs from charge transport in that spin is a nonconserved quantity in solids due to spin-orbit and hyperfine coupling. The authors discuss in detail spin decoherence mechanisms in metals and semiconductors. Various theories of spin injection and spin-polarized transport are applied to hybrid structures relevant to spin-based devices and fundamental studies of materials properties. Experimental work is reviewed with the emphasis on projected applications, in which external electric and magnetic fields and illumination by light will be used to control spin and charge dynamics to create new functionalities not feasible or ineffective with conventional electronics.Comment: invited review, 36 figures, 900+ references; minor stylistic changes from the published versio

The HERMES Polarized Hydrogen and Deuterium Gas Target in the HERA Electron Storage Ring

The HERMES hydrogen and deuterium nuclear-polarized gas targets have been in use since 1996 with the polarized electron beam of HERA at DESY to study the spin structure of the nucleon. Polarized atoms from a Stern-Gerlach Atomic Beam Source are injected into a storage cell internal to the HERA electron ring. Atoms diffusing from the center of the storage cell into a side tube are analyzed to determine the atomic fraction and the atomic polarizations. The atoms have a nuclear polarization, the axis of which is defined by an external magnetic holding field. The holding field was longitudinal during 1996-2000, and was changed to transverse in 2001. The design of the target is described, the method for analyzing the target polarization is outlined, and the performance of the target in the various running periods is presented

Azimuthal anisotropy of charged jet production in root s(NN)=2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions

We present measurements of the azimuthal dependence of charged jet production in central and semi-central root s(NN) = 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions with respect to the second harmonic event plane, quantified as nu(ch)(2) (jet). Jet finding is performed employing the anti-k(T) algorithm with a resolution parameter R = 0.2 using charged tracks from the ALICE tracking system. The contribution of the azimuthal anisotropy of the underlying event is taken into account event-by-event. The remaining (statistical) region-to-region fluctuations are removed on an ensemble basis by unfolding the jet spectra for different event plane orientations independently. Significant non-zero nu(ch)(2) (jet) is observed in semi-central collisions (30-50% centrality) for 20 <p(T)(ch) (jet) <90 GeV/c. The azimuthal dependence of the charged jet production is similar to the dependence observed for jets comprising both charged and neutral fragments, and compatible with measurements of the nu(2) of single charged particles at high p(T). Good agreement between the data and predictions from JEWEL, an event generator simulating parton shower evolution in the presence of a dense QCD medium, is found in semi-central collisions. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe

Forward-central two-particle correlations in p-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

Two-particle angular correlations between trigger particles in the forward pseudorapidity range (2.5 2GeV/c. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B. V.Peer reviewe