A few reflections on the border of the concept of social value

The concept of "value" has a central place in the field of Law, given the fact that Law is a normative science. A variety of definitions and interpretations have been given to this concept of “value”. In the socio-human field “value” frequently means general and abstract principles, the goals of Law. A definition of “social values” and their dynamics in the contemporary world has been given at the end of the paper

Depletion of mitochondria in mammalian cells through enforced mitophagy

Mitochondria are not only the 'powerhouse' of the cell; they are also involved in a multitude of processes that include calcium storage, the cell cycle and cell death. Traditional means of investigating mitochondrial importance in a given cellular process have centered upon depletion of mtDNA through chemical or genetic means. Although these methods severely disrupt the mitochondrial electron transport chain, mtDNA-depleted cells still maintain mitochondria and many mitochondrial functions. Here we describe a straightforward protocol to generate mammalian cell populations with low to nondetectable levels of mitochondria. Ectopic expression of the ubiquitin E3 ligase Parkin, combined with short-term mitochondrial uncoupler treatment, stimulates widespread mitophagy and effectively eliminates mitochondria. In this protocol, we explain how to generate Parkin-expressing, mitochondria-depleted cells from scratch in 23 d, as well as offer a variety of methods for confirming mitochondrial clearance. Furthermore, we describe culture conditions to maintain mitochondrial-depleted cells for up to 30 d with minimal loss of viability, for longitudinal studies. This method should prove useful for investigating the importance of mitochondria in a variety of biological processes

Cancer therapy-induced PAFR ligand expression: any role for caspase activity?

No abstract available

Calinic Miclescu: a conservative cleric in the service of the emancipate Fatherland (1857-1885)

The article highlights the participation of Calinic Miclescu (1822-1886), cleric of noble descent, to the main action, and political and religious decisions of Romanian modern state (1858-1885), as a bishop, Metropolitan of Moldova and Suceava, and Metropolitan primate of Romania. Crowning his political and religious activities was given, after a long diplomatic struggle (1878-1885), by the recognition of the Romanian Metropolitan autocephaly from the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople

Mitochondrial permeabilization engages NF-κB-dependent anti-tumour activity under caspase deficiency

Apoptosis represents a key anti-cancer therapeutic effector mechanism. During apoptosis, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) typically kills cells even in the absence of caspase activity. Caspase activity can also have a variety of unwanted consequences that include DNA damage. We therefore investigated whether MOMP-induced caspase-independent cell death (CICD) might be a better way to kill cancer cells. We find that cells undergoing CICD display potent pro-inflammatory effects relative to apoptosis. Underlying this, MOMP was found to stimulate NF-κB activity through the downregulation of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. Strikingly, engagement of CICD displays potent anti-tumorigenic effects, often promoting complete tumour regression in a manner dependent on intact immunity. Our data demonstrate that by activating NF-κB, MOMP can exert additional signalling functions besides triggering cell death. Moreover, they support a rationale for engaging caspase-independent cell death in cell-killing anti-cancer therapies

Towards a Holographic-Type Perspective in the Analysis of Complex-System Dynamics

By operating with the Scale Relativity Theory by means of two scenarios (Schrӧdinger and Madelung-type scenarios) in the dynamics of complex systems, we can achieve a description of these complex systems through a holographic-type perspective. Then, a gauge invariance of the Riccati type becomes functional in complex-system dynamics, which implies several consequences: conservation laws (in particular, for dynamics, the kinetic momentum conservation law), simultaneity and synchronization among the structural units’ (belonging to a complex system) dynamics, and temporal patterns through harmonic mappings. Finally, an economic case analysis is highlighted

Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018.

Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives. Since the field continues to expand and novel mechanisms that orchestrate multiple cell death pathways are unveiled, we propose an updated classification of cell death subroutines focusing on mechanistic and essential (as opposed to correlative and dispensable) aspects of the process. As we provide molecularly oriented definitions of terms including intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, cellular senescence, and mitotic catastrophe, we discuss the utility of neologisms that refer to highly specialized instances of these processes. The mission of the NCCD is to provide a widely accepted nomenclature on cell death in support of the continued development of the field

The dependence receptor TRKC : molecular mechanisms and involvement in tumorigenesis

The neurotrophin receptor TRKC was initially shown to induce apoptosis in settings of lackof its ligand, NT-3. This cell death was described to be important in the regulation of neuronalsurvival during sympathetic nervous system formation and finally it was linked with severaltypes of cancer. During my thesis I focused on the molecular characterization of the signaling cascade leadingto TRKC-induced apoptosis. Importantly, in order to kill, TRKC is double-cleaved bycaspases in its intracellular domain releasing a pro-apoptotic fragment, named TRKC KF(Killer Fragment). Using a yeast two-hybrid screen we identified several potential interactingpartners for TRKC KF. Initially, i focused on COBRA1, a cofactor of BRCA1.I show here that COBRA1 is requisite for TRKC-induced cell death both in vitro and in vivo,on primary neurons. COBRA1 seems to stabilize and accumulate TRKC KF at themitochondria, where TRKC KF induces the activation of BAX and therefore cytochrome crelease. Therefore, it looks that TRKC-induced cell death is dependent on the intrinsicpathway of apoptosis. During my thesis, I also took part in two projects characterizing the role of TRKC as aconditional tumor suppressor in neuroblastoma and colon cancer. We showed that inneuroblastoma tumors the pro-apoptotic function of TRKC is impaired due to an autocrineproduction loop of NT-3, which can be targeted as a therapeutic strategy. In colon cancer, wedescribed another mechanism by which tumor cells evade TRKC-induced apoptosis, morespecifically a loss of TRKC expression due to promoter hypermethylationLe récepteur à neurotrophine TRKC a initialement été montré comme induisant la mortcellulaire par apoptose en l’absence de son ligand, NT-3. Cette mort cellulaire a tout d’abordété décrite comme étant importante dans la régulation de la survie neuronale, pendant laformation du système nerveux sympathique. Plus tard, elle a été montrée comme étantimpliquée dans différents types de cancer.Au cours de ma thèse, je me suis concentré sur la caractérisation moléculaire de la cascade designalisation conduisant à l’induction de l’apoptose par TRKC. Afin d’induire l’apoptose, ledomaine intracellulaire de TRKC est clivé par les caspases en deux sites, ce qui entraine lagénération d’un fragment pro-apoptotique, TRKC KF (Killer Fragment). Plusieurs partenairespotentiels de TRKC KF ont été identifiés lors d’un crible double-hybride. Initialement, je mesuis focalisé sur l’un d’eux, COBRA1, un cofacteur de BRCA1.Je montre ici que COBRA1 est requis pour la mort cellulaire induite par TRKC, à la fois invitro et in vivo, dans des neurones primaires. COBRA1 semble stabiliser et accumuler TRKCKF à la mitochondrie, où TRKC KF entraine l’activation de BAX et ensuite le relargage ducytochrome c. En conclusion, il semblerait que la mort cellulaire induite par TRKC estdépendante de la voie apoptotique intrinsèque. J’ai aussi pris part à deux autres projets décrivant le rôle de TRKC comme un suppresseur de tumeur potentiel dans le neuroblastome et le cancer colorectal. Nous avons montré dans leneuroblastome que la fonction pro-apoptotique de TRKC est invalidée par une boucleautocrine de production de NT3, qui peut être ciblée lors d’une approche thérapeutique. Dansle cancer colorectal, nous avons décrit un second mécanisme par lequel les cellules tumoraleséchappent à l’apoptose induite par TrkC. Il s’agit d’une perte de l’expression de TrkC due àune hypermethylation du promoteur