A survey of eight successful enrichment programs.

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universit

Errorless Versus Errorful Learning in Memory-Impaired Patients With Schizophrenia: Implications for Cognitive Rehabilitation

Objectives: To provide descriptive data on the types of referral received by clinical psychology within a Community Mental Health Team (CMHT) during a four month period after the service's inception. To identify the perceptions held by other team members (from nursing, psychiatry, occupational therapy, and social work) of the clinical psychologist's role in the CMHT and establish their level of awareness of the skills particular to clinical psychology. To examine the post-intervention effect of an education package to the team, i.e. whether this could effect an attitudinal change in terms of types of referral considered appropriate, satisfaction with, and expectations of clinical psychology. Methods: Case notes were reviewed to identify the types of problem being referred. A questionnaire was designed to assess the above. Following assessment of initial responses an education package was presented at a team meeting. Eight weeks later, the questionnaire was recirculated and assessed for significant change using non-parametric methods. Results: Significant attitudinal change was limited. Members demonstrated sound knowledge of appropriate referrals, placed high value on the psychologist's therapeutic work with individuals, collaborative working, and the provision of information from new research. Satisfaction with the referral process declined. Qualitatively, members emphasised the need for improved interprofessional knowledge of each profession's skill base. Conclusion: Although psychology is clearly valued, group dynamics within teams of different professionals may make such interventions vulnerable to inoculation effects. Attitudinal and behavioural change may best be enhanced by increased awareness of the difficulties which different professions face

Taylor-Couette-Poiseuille flow heat transfer in a high Taylor number test rig

As technology advances, rotating machinery is becoming smaller and operating at higher rotational speeds, with increased pressure and heat concentration. This combination of factors increases structural stresses, while increasing the risk of temperature sensitive components overheating. To properly protect these components, such as bearings and seals, and reduce structural stresses, it is necessary to have accurately designed thermal management systems with wellunderstood heat transfer characteristics. Currently available heat transfer correlations operating within high Taylor number (above 1 × 1010) flow regimes are lacking. In this work, the design of a high Taylor number flow experimental test rig is presented. A non-invasive methodology, used to capture the instantaneous heat flux of the rotating body, is presented. A new correlation for Taylor numbers between 0.0 and 9.0 × 108 with air is provided using the effective Reynolds number. Capability of the test rig and methodology enables the use of high density fluids, such as supercritical carbon dioxide, providing opportunity to develop correlations up to 1 × 1012 . A unique approach is presented, using the MonteCarlo method for evaluating the uncertainties in the calculated values. Data of a single test is presented for a Taylor number of 8.9 ± 1.6 × 107 and an effective Reynolds number of 3.3 ± 0.2 × 104 . This operating condition corresponded to a measured heat transfer coefficient of 3.16 ± 0.9 × 102 W/m2K and Nusselt number of 8.9± 1.6 × 101 . This level of detailed uncertainty analysis for heat transfer coefficient measurements is not present in existing literature. This paper represents the first comprehensive portrayal of uncertainty propagation in heat transfer coefficient measurements for Taylor-Couette-Poiseuille (T-C-P) flow heat transfer experiments

Mammals of Nebraska: Checklist, Key, and Bibliography

The Recent mammalian fauna of Nebraska is composed of 89 native species, 8 domestic species that can have feral populations, and 4 wild species introduced by humans, but not by intentional action. Thus, the included checklist and dichotomous key contain 101 species of mammals. Of the native species, 36 are rodents, 20 carnivores, 13 bats, 7 shrews and mole, 7 even-toed ungulates, 4 rabbits and hares, 1 armadillo, and 1 opossum. Another 8 species are identified as potentially occurring in peripheral areas of Nebraska. The bibliography includes 1693 entries that each contain data concerning one or more species of mammals from Nebraska

The Effect of Carbon Credits on Savanna Land Management and Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation

Carbon finance offers the potential to change land management and conservation planning priorities. We develop a novel approach to planning for improved land management to conserve biodiversity while utilizing potential revenue from carbon biosequestration. We apply our approach in northern Australia's tropical savanna, a region of global significance for biodiversity and carbon storage, both of which are threatened by current fire and grazing regimes. Our approach aims to identify priority locations for protecting species and vegetation communities by retaining existing vegetation and managing fire and grazing regimes at a minimum cost. We explore the impact of accounting for potential carbon revenue (using a carbon price of US$14 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent) on priority areas for conservation and the impact of explicitly protecting carbon stocks in addition to biodiversity. Our results show that improved management can potentially raise approximately US$5 per hectare per year in carbon revenue and prevent the release of 1–2 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent over approximately 90 years. This revenue could be used to reduce the costs of improved land management by three quarters or double the number of biodiversity targets achieved and meet carbon storage targets for the same cost. These results are based on generalised cost and carbon data; more comprehensive applications will rely on fine scale, site-specific data and a supportive policy environment. Our research illustrates that the duel objective of conserving biodiversity and reducing the release of greenhouse gases offers important opportunities for cost-effective land management investments

An atmospheric tape recorder: the imprint of tropical tropopause temperatures on stratospheric water vapor

We describe observations of tropical stratospheric water vapor q that show clear evidence of large‐scale upward advection of the signal from annual fluctuations in the effective “entry mixing ratio” qE of air entering the tropical stratosphere. In other words, air is “marked,” on emergence above the highest cloud tops, like a signal recorded on an upward moving magnetic tape. We define qE as the mean water vapor mixing ratio, at the tropical tropopause, of air that will subsequently rise and enter the stratospheric “overworld” at about 400 K. The observations show a systematic phase lag, increasing with altitude, between the annual cycle in qE and the annual cycle in q at higher altitudes. The observed phase lag agrees with the phase lag calculated assuming advection by the transformed Eulerian‐mean vertical velocity of a qE crudely estimated from 100‐hPa temperatures, which we use as a convenient proxy for tropopause temperatures. The phase agreement confirms the overall robustness of the calculation and strongly supports the tape recorder hypothesis. Establishing a quantitative link between qE and observed tropopause temperatures, however, proves difficult because the process of marking the tape depends subtly on both small‐ and large‐scale processes. The tape speed, or large‐scale upward advection speed, has a substantial annual variation and a smaller variation due to the quasi‐biennial oscillation, which delays or accelerates the arrival of the signal by a month or two in the middle stratosphere. As the tape moves upward, the signal is attenuated with an e‐folding time of about 7 to 9 months between 100 and 50 hPa and about 15 to 18 months between 50 and 20 hPa, constraining possible orders of magnitude both of vertical diffusion Kz and of rates of mixing in from the extratropics. For instance, if there were no mixing in, then Kz would be in the range 0.03–0.09 m2 s−1; this is an upper bound on Kz

The state of the Martian climate

60°N was +2.0°C, relative to the 1981–2010 average value (Fig. 5.1). This marks a new high for the record. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly for 2016 for land stations north of starting in 1900, and is a significant increase over the previous highest value of +1.2°C, which was observed in 2007, 2011, and 2015. Average global annual temperatures also showed record values in 2015 and 2016. Currently, the Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of lower latitudes

A chemical survey of exoplanets with ARIEL

Thousands of exoplanets have now been discovered with a huge range of masses, sizes and orbits: from rocky Earth-like planets to large gas giants grazing the surface of their host star. However, the essential nature of these exoplanets remains largely mysterious: there is no known, discernible pattern linking the presence, size, or orbital parameters of a planet to the nature of its parent star. We have little idea whether the chemistry of a planet is linked to its formation environment, or whether the type of host star drives the physics and chemistry of the planet’s birth, and evolution. ARIEL was conceived to observe a large number (~1000) of transiting planets for statistical understanding, including gas giants, Neptunes, super-Earths and Earth-size planets around a range of host star types using transit spectroscopy in the 1.25–7.8 μm spectral range and multiple narrow-band photometry in the optical. ARIEL will focus on warm and hot planets to take advantage of their well-mixed atmospheres which should show minimal condensation and sequestration of high-Z materials compared to their colder Solar System siblings. Said warm and hot atmospheres are expected to be more representative of the planetary bulk composition. Observations of these warm/hot exoplanets, and in particular of their elemental composition (especially C, O, N, S, Si), will allow the understanding of the early stages of planetary and atmospheric formation during the nebular phase and the following few million years. ARIEL will thus provide a representative picture of the chemical nature of the exoplanets and relate this directly to the type and chemical environment of the host star. ARIEL is designed as a dedicated survey mission for combined-light spectroscopy, capable of observing a large and well-defined planet sample within its 4-year mission lifetime. Transit, eclipse and phase-curve spectroscopy methods, whereby the signal from the star and planet are differentiated using knowledge of the planetary ephemerides, allow us to measure atmospheric signals from the planet at levels of 10–100 part per million (ppm) relative to the star and, given the bright nature of targets, also allows more sophisticated techniques, such as eclipse mapping, to give a deeper insight into the nature of the atmosphere. These types of observations require a stable payload and satellite platform with broad, instantaneous wavelength coverage to detect many molecular species, probe the thermal structure, identify clouds and monitor the stellar activity. The wavelength range proposed covers all the expected major atmospheric gases from e.g. H2O, CO2, CH4 NH3, HCN, H2S through to the more exotic metallic compounds, such as TiO, VO, and condensed species. Simulations of ARIEL performance in conducting exoplanet surveys have been performed – using conservative estimates of mission performance and a full model of all significant noise sources in the measurement – using a list of potential ARIEL targets that incorporates the latest available exoplanet statistics. The conclusion at the end of the Phase A study, is that ARIEL – in line with the stated mission objectives – will be able to observe about 1000 exoplanets depending on the details of the adopted survey strategy, thus confirming the feasibility of the main science objectives.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

A Kinome RNAi Screen Identified AMPK as Promoting Poxvirus Entry through the Control of Actin Dynamics

Poxviruses include medically important human pathogens, yet little is known about the specific cellular factors essential for their replication. To identify genes essential for poxvirus infection, we used high-throughput RNA interference to screen the Drosophila kinome for factors required for vaccinia infection. We identified seven genes including the three subunits of AMPK as promoting vaccinia infection. AMPK not only facilitated infection in insect cells, but also in mammalian cells. Moreover, we found that AMPK is required for macropinocytosis, a major endocytic entry pathway for vaccinia. Furthermore, we show that AMPK contributes to other virus-independent actin-dependent processes including lamellipodia formation and wound healing, independent of the known AMPK activators LKB1 and CaMKK. Therefore, AMPK plays a highly conserved role in poxvirus infection and actin dynamics independent of its role as an energy regulator