Coccolithophore ecology in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean: New perspectives from the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) programme

Coccolithophore species composition was determined in 199 samples collected from the upper 300 m of the Atlantic Ocean, spanning temperate, tropical and subtropical waters in both hemispheres during four Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) cruises over the period 2003 to 2005. Of the 171 taxa observed, 140 consistently represented less than 5% of total cell numbers, and were classed as rare. Multivariate statistical techniques were used on the common taxa to assess variability in community composition vertically in the water column, horizontally across hydrographic provinces (subtropical gyres, equatorial waters, temperate waters), and temporally between cruises. Sharper gradients of statistical dissimilarity in species composition occurred vertically over a few tens of metres than horizontally over hundreds of kilometres. Three floral groups were identified from analysis of the depth of normalised abundance maxima in the subtropical gyres and equatorial waters: the upper euphotic zone (UEZ, >10% surface irradiance); the lower euphotic zone (LEZ, 10-1% surface irradiance); and the sub-euphotic zone (SEZ, <1% surface irradiance). The LEZ includes the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) and nutricline, and was characterised by species such as Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa ericsonii which were also abundant at higher latitudes. It is suggested that this pattern reflects similarities in the light (and inorganic nutrient) conditions between the LEZ and temperate waters. The SEZ is below the depth where light is thought to be sufficient to support photosynthesis, suggesting that deep-dwelling species such as Florisphaera profunda and Gladiolithus spp. may be mixotrophic or phagotrophic, although conclusive proof will need to be gained experimentally. Mixotrophy could also be an important nutritional strategy for species abundant (Umbellosphaera spp., holococcolithophores) in the UEZ where inorganic nutrient concentrations are depleted and limiting to growth, although other nutritional strategies, such as the use of organic nutrients, are also possible. Statistical differences were also found in the species composition between the different cruises, with high levels of similarity for similar timed cruises (May or September-October). Few individual taxa showed significant variability in abundance over the time-span of sampling, except species such as E. huxleyi and G. ericsonii at higher latitudes. In subtropical and equatorial waters, high levels of species richness and low levels of species dominance remained throughout the sampling period indicating that seasonal fluctuations reflected differences in the whole coccolithophore community rather than in just one or a few species. Multivariate analyses of the taxa classified as rare also indicated some level of temporal, as well as vertical, zonation. Such insights into coccolithophore ecology and community composition provide important new perspectives that require innovative research to fully understand their impact on ocean biogeochemistry

Increasing Costs Due to Ocean Acidification Drives Phytoplankton to Be More Heavily Calcified: Optimal Growth Strategy of Coccolithophores

Ocean acidification is potentially one of the greatest threats to marine ecosystems and global carbon cycling. Amongst calcifying organisms, coccolithophores have received special attention because their calcite precipitation plays a significant role in alkalinity flux to the deep ocean (i.e., inorganic carbon pump). Currently, empirical effort is devoted to evaluating the plastic responses to acidification, but evolutionary considerations are missing from this approach. We thus constructed an optimality model to evaluate the evolutionary response of coccolithophorid life history, assuming that their exoskeleton (coccolith) serves to reduce the instantaneous mortality rates. Our model predicted that natural selection favors constructing more heavily calcified exoskeleton in response to increased acidification-driven costs. This counter-intuitive response occurs because the fitness benefit of choosing a better-defended, slower growth strategy in more acidic conditions, outweighs that of accelerating the cell cycle, as this occurs by producing less calcified exoskeleton. Contrary to the widely held belief, the evolutionarily optimized population can precipitate larger amounts of CaCO3 during the bloom in more acidified seawater, depending on parameter values. These findings suggest that ocean acidification may enhance the calcification rates of marine organisms as an adaptive response, possibly accompanied by higher carbon fixation ability. Our theory also provides a compelling explanation for the multispecific fossil time-series record from ∼200 years ago to present, in which mean coccolith size has increased along with rising atmospheric CO2 concentration

Prymnesins: Toxic Metabolites of the Golden Alga, Prymnesium parvum Carter (Haptophyta)

Increasingly over the past century, seasonal fish kills associated with toxic blooms of Prymnesium parvum have devastated aquaculture and native fish, shellfish, and mollusk populations worldwide. Protracted blooms of P. parvum can result in major disturbances to the local ecology and extensive monetary losses. Toxicity of this alga is attributed to a collection of compounds known as prymnesins, which exhibit potent cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic and ichthyotoxic effects. These secondary metabolites are especially damaging to gill-breathing organisms and they are believed to interact directly with plasma membranes, compromising integrity by permitting ion leakage. Several factors appear to function in the activation and potency of prymnesins including salinity, pH, ion availability, and growth phase. Prymnesins may function as defense compounds to prevent herbivory and some investigations suggest that they have allelopathic roles. Since the last extensive review was published, two prymnesins have been chemically characterized and ongoing investigations are aimed at the purification and analysis of numerous other toxic metabolites from this alga. More information is needed to unravel the mechanisms of prymnesin synthesis and the significance of these metabolites. Such work should greatly improve our limited understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of P. parvum and how to mitigate its blooms

Evolution of the life cycle in land plants

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/92043/1/j.1759-6831.2012.00188.x.pd

Cycle biologique et stratégies de développement chez les coccolithophores (Prymnesiophyceae, Haptophyta). Implications écologiques

Mme Chantal Billard, Pr, Université de Caen (directeur de thèse) Mr Daniel Vaulot, D.R. CNRS, UMR 7127, Roscoff (rapporteur) Mr Jeremy R. Young, Dr, Natural History Museum, Londres (rapporteur) Mme Marie-Josèphe Chrétiennot-Dinet, C.R. CNRS, UMR 7621 Banyuls/Mer Mr Michel Matthieu, Pr, Université de Caen Mr Christophe Destombe, M.C.F. H.D.R., UMR 7127, Paris VICoccolithophores, one of the most important groups of marine phytoplankton, are calcified microalgae. Our knowledge of this group is nevertheless limited, due in part to the lack of cultured species. This study was focused on the life-cycle and its ecological implications for four species of coccolithophores in culture (Coccolithus pelagicus, Calcidiscus leptoporus, Coronosphaera mediterranea and Emiliania huxleyi). An heteromorphic haplo-diploid life-cycle was first demonstrated using various techniques. Ecophysiological experiments on abiotic factors (temperature, light, turbulence, nutrients) were then carried out showing the influence of the heteromorphic life-cycle on the ecology of these sepcies and an ecological cycle was established. Lastly, a preliminary study on toxicity was conducted, demonstrating the toxicity of five coastal coccolithophores.Les coccolithophores sont des microalgues calcifiées constituant un des principaux groupes phytoplanctoniques marins. Ces organismes restent cependant encore mal connus, du fait du peu d'espèces cultivées. Dans ce travail, les connaissances sur la biologie et l'écologie de ce groupe ont été approfondies à travers l'étude du cycle de vie et de ses implications écologiques pour quatre coccolithophores en culture : Coccolithus pelagicus, Calcidiscus leptoporus, Coronosphaera mediterranea et Emiliania huxleyi. Un cycle digénétique haplo-diplophasique hétéromorphe a d'abord été démontré par différentes techniques. Des expériences écophysiologiques sur des facteurs abiotiques (température, lumière, turbulence, nutriments) ont ensuite permis d'émettre des hypothèses sur l'influence du cycle digénétique sur l'écologie de ces espèces et d'établir un cycle écologique. Enfin, une étude préliminaire de la toxicité a été réalisée, démontrant la toxicité de cinq espèces côtières de coccolithophores

Cycle biologique et stratégies de développement chez les coccolithophores (Prymnesiophyceae, Haptophyta) (implications écologiques)

CAEN-BU Sciences et STAPS (141182103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Ordre de Louis XIV (roi de France) pour le juge de Houdan datée du 15 avril 1689, à Versailles

Ordre de Louis XIV (roi de France) pour le juge de Houdan datée du 15 avril 1689, à Versailles. In: Correspondance administrative sous le règne de Louis XIV, recueillie et mise en ordre par G. B. Depping. Tome II. Administration de la justice – Police – Galères. Paris : Imprimerie nationale, 1851. p. 608