The global, regional, and national burden of stomach cancer in 195 countries, 1990-2017 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2017

Background: Stomach cancer is a major health problem in many countries. Understanding the current burden of stomach cancer and the differential trends across various locations is essential for formulating effective preventive strategies. We report on the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to stomach cancer in 195 countries and territories from 21 regions between 1990 and 2017. Methods: Estimates from GBD 2017 were used to analyse the incidence, mortality, and DALYs due to stomach cancer at the global, regional, and national levels. The rates were standardised to the GBD world population and reported per 100 000 population as age-standardised incidence rates, age-standardised death rates, and age-standardised DALY rates. All estimates were generated with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Findings: In 2017, more than 1·22 million (95% UI 1·19–1·25) incident cases of stomach cancer occurred worldwide, and nearly 865 000 people (848 000–885 000) died of stomach cancer, contributing to 19·1 million (18·7–19·6) DALYs. The highest age-standardised incidence rates in 2017 were seen in the high-income Asia Pacific (29·5, 28·2–31·0 per 100 000 population) and east Asia (28·6, 27·3–30·0 per 100 000 population) regions, with nearly half of the global incident cases occurring in China. Compared with 1990, in 2017 more than 356 000 more incident cases of stomach cancer were estimated, leading to nearly 96 000 more deaths. Despite the increase in absolute numbers, the worldwide age-standardised rates of stomach cancer (incidence, deaths, and DALYs) have declined since 1990. The drop in the disease burden was associated with improved Socio-demographic Index. Globally, 38·2% (21·1–57·8) of the age-standardised DALYs were attributable to high-sodium diet in both sexes combined, and 24·5% (20·0–28·9) of the age-standardised DALYs were attributable to smoking in males. Interpretation: Our findings provide insight into the changing burden of stomach cancer, which is useful in planning local strategies and monitoring their progress. To this end, specific local strategies should be tailored to each country's risk factor profile. Beyond the current decline in age-standardised incidence and death rates, a decrease in the absolute number of cases and deaths will be possible if the burden in east Asia, where currently almost half of the incident cases and deaths occur, is further reduced. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017 : results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Correction:Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. Methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.Peer reviewe

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Effect and Efficiency of Municipal Solid Waste Compost and Vermicompost on Morpho-Physiological Properties and Yield of Canola under Drought Stress Conditions

In order to study the effect and efficiency of municipal solid waste compost and vermicompost on morpho-physiological properties and yield of canola under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation, including: normal irrigation (0.75 FC), mild stress (0.55 FC) and severe stress (0.35 FC), and biofertilizer combination in five levels including: non-application of biofertilizer (control), application of municipal solid waste compost at two and four percent levels and application of vermicompost at two and four percent. Results showed that the effect of irrigation and biofertilizer levels in all traits was significant. The interaction of irrigation and biofertilizer had significantly affected on all traits except leaf area ratio and plant nitrogen percent. The results of mean comparison indicated that the mild and severe stress significantly reduced growth, nitrogen percentage, SPAD index, leaf relative water content and grain yield of canola compared to normal irrigation. Application of four percent vermicompost was resulted increase growth, biomass and yield of canola under normal irrigation, mild and severe drought stress compared to other biofertilizer treatments, and in generally, the efficiency of vermicompost in increase canola yield was more than waste compost

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production trait, a useful screening to select endophytic and rhizosphere competent bacteria for rice growth promoting agents

Plants select plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that are competitively fit to occupy compatible niches without causing pathological stress on them. However, when screening bacteria for plant growth promoting (PGP) agents, it is better to select bacteria for achieving the most promising isolates having suitable colonization and PGP traits. In most researches, it has been seen that following incubation, bacterial flora are taken at random from petri dishes for further study. However, this type of selection may remove some superior bacteria in terms of PGP traits and high colonization ability. Therefore, it is essential to study all the isolated bacteria in an economic way and select the best bacteria in terms of PGP traits and high colonization rate. A simple screening method to detect endophytic and rhizosphere bacteria, isolated from the plants in rotation with rice, for rice PGP agents based on a root colonization bioassay and a PGP trait is characterized. • Selected bacterial isolates based on their IAA producing trait have the potential for more PGP and colonization of rice plant. • IAA may be the first PGP trait for screening bacteria isolated from plant rotated with rice for rice PGP agents. • The screening procedure appears to be very effective and less time consuming

The ability of ACC deaminase production in isolated bacteria from drought, saline and saline-sodic soils and selection of the most efficient bacteria

Introduction:Drought, salinity and salinity-sodicity conditions reduce plant growth, due to stress ethylene biosynthesis. Because of capability of some soil bacteria for stress alleviation, and ACC consumption, this investigation was carried out to select the best ACC deaminase producer bacteria in conditions of drought, salinity and salinity-sodicity affected soils. Materials and methods: In this investigation, 400 bacteria were isolated from soils with different levels of electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and analyzed the variability of their ability in ACC consumption and α- ketobutyrate as indices of ACC deaminase production. Also, the effects of different drought and salinity stress on bacteria growth trend and ACC consumption ability were analyzed. Results: Data analysis indicated that, not only the ability of ACC production was different among isolates, but also amounts of ACC consumption were affected by drought and salinity tensions. In the most isolates, there was a significant decrease in trend of ACC deaminase production as affected by tensions. But, one of bacterial species as Bacillus simplex that was isolated from saline-sodic soils, in addition to ability of production of 901 nmole α- ketobutyrate per milligram protein per hours in normal conditions, has the highest production stability in drought and salinity tensions. Also, this bacterium was continued to ACC deaminase production up to EC of 40 dS.m-1 and OP (Osmosis pressure) of -25 bar. Discussion and conclusion: According to comparison among isolates, B. simplex has the highest efficiency of ACC deaminase production, in drought and salinity conditions, and was tolerant to these tensions. Therefore, B. simplex was proposed for field experiments in drought, salinity and salinity-sodicity affected soils

Characterization of rhizosphere and endophytic bacteria from roots of maize (Zea mays L.) plant irrigated with wastewater with biotechnological potential in agriculture

The aim of this study was to characterize culturable rhizosphere and endophytic bacterial isolates isolated from rhizosphere soil and roots of maize plant irrigated with industrial and municipal wastewater in terms of resistance to heavy metals and salinity and plant growth promoting (PGP) traits. Results illustrated that both rhizosphere isolates and endophytic ones had various PGP characteristics in terms of both the number and the production amount of these characteristics. A substantial number of the bacterial isolates (both endophytic isolates and rhizosphere isolates) were tolerant to heavy metals (multi-metal resistant bacteria). Compared to endophytic isolates, rhizosphere isolates had greater resistance to heavy metals. Both endophytic isolates and rhizosphere ones showed remarkable resistance to salinity (7% NaCl). Based on comparison of 16S rRNA sequences and biochemical tests, the effective isolates, based on having multiple PGP characteristics and higher resistance to heavy metals and salinity, were identified. Isolates N5 and R7 were closely related to Bacillus cereus and Enterobacter cloacae, respectively. In addition, the ability of rhizosphere strain R7, as a multi-metal resistant bacterium, in the removal of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) by its biomass and colonization of maize roots in the presence of these metals was evaluated. This strain could remove these metals from the solution (46.5–88.95%) and colonize both root surface and inside root of maize (4–7 Log10 CFU (colony–forming unit) g−1 fresh root weight) under heavy metal stress. Therefore, it can be concluded that maize plant irrigated with industrial and municipal wastewater harbors salinity and heavy metals–resistant bacteria and may be potential reservoirs for isolating bacteria effective at alleviating heavy metal stress in the plant, reducing accumulation of heavy metals in crops such as maize, and removing heavy metals in aqueous media (bioremediation of heavy metal-contaminated wastewater system). Keywords: Plant-associated bacteria, Multiple plant growth promoting traits, Heavy metals, Salinity, Metal removal, Industrial and municipal wastewate

Effects of two new siderophore-producing rhizobacteria on growth and iron content of maize and canola plants

<p>Siderophore-producing rhizobacteria beneficially affect plant growth by providing available iron to plants. In this study, bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of canola (<i>Brassica napus</i> L.) plants grown in the central fields in Iran, for the presence of siderophore-producing bacteria. A total of 45 distinct isolates were found to produce siderophore using qualitative chrome azurol sulfonate (CAS)-agar assay. Of them, ten isolates, based on the highest halo diameter/colony diameter ratios, were selected to quantify the rate of siderophore production using CAS-liquid assay. A variety of biochemical assays was used to determine the type(s) of siderophores produced by each of the ten isolates. The best isolates, based on production of the highest rates of either hydroxamates or carboxylates, were identified and used in further studies. Based on 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequence analysis and a variety of phenotypic properties, the isolates were identified as <i>Micrococcus yunnanensis</i> YIM 65004 (T) and <i>Stenotrophomonas chelatiphaga</i> LPM-5 (T). We also studied the plant growth-promoting effect of the most promising isolates (YIM 65004 and LPM-5) on canola and maize plants under greenhouse conditions. The results of this study showed that <i>M. yunnanensis</i> and <i>S. chelatiphaga</i> increased gain weight and iron (Fe) content of roots and shoots significantly, in comparison with control, indicating beneficial effects of these rhizobacteria on plant growth and development. This study reports <i>M. yunnanensis</i> and <i>S. chelatiphaga</i>, as new records for Iran. The latter is reported for the first time from plant (canola) rhizosphere. Besides, the ability of both <i>M. yunnanensis</i> and <i>S. chelatiphaga</i> to produce siderophores is documented for the first time.</p