Effectiveness of Functional Cognition Intervention for Adults with Traumatic Brain Injuries: A Systematic Review

Purpose: An estimated 5.3 million Americans are living with a permanent disability due to having a traumatic brain injury (TBI) (CDC, 1999). A common deficit seen in this population includes impaired functional cognition, which is the ability to use and integrate thinking and processing skills to complete complex instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) (Giles et al., 2017). Occupational therapy practitioners support individuals post-TBI by creating and implementing occupation-based interventions during rehabilitation to optimize functional cognition and improve individuals\u27 ability to complete IADLs. This study aims to identify the effectiveness of interventions within the scope of occupational therapy practice to improve functional cognition in adults with post-TBI. Design: This systematic review included randomized controlled trials published in peer-reviewed journals between 2010 and 2022, which addressed adults with TBI, and implemented functional cognition interventions which were within the scope of occupational therapy practice. Method: Results from four literature databases produced 1154 articles. Duplicate articles were removed (n=19). Teams of two researchers screened the titles and abstracts of each of the remaining 1135 articles to determine eligibility for full-text review. Next, the full text of 289 articles were reviewed to determine if they met the study’s inclusion criteria; eight articles were included in the systematic review. The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force levels of certainty and grade definitions were used to describe the strength of evidence. Results: The eight studies included in this systematic review were categorized into two themes: simulated electronic-based interventions and metacognitive strategy training. Three articles addressed simulated electronic-based interventions, which examined the effectiveness of Cognitive Symptom Management and Rehabilitation Therapy (CogSMART) and virtual reality training (VTR). All three articles supported the use of simulated electronic-based interventions, though the strength of evidence is classified as moderate, given their methodological limitations, which included small sample sizes and differences in participant characteristics at baseline. Five articles addressed metacognitive strategy training, of which four supported its effectiveness. This evidence is classified as moderate, in light of methodological limitations, including small sample sizes and heterogeneity of the interventions. Conclusion: Occupational therapists have a critical role in selecting and implementing intervention strategies that will aid in rehabilitating functional cognition. Based on the findings of this review, occupational therapy practitioners should consider routinely implementing metacognitive strategy training and simulated electronic-based interventions to enhance functional cognition in adults following a TBI. Occupational therapy educational programs should address these interventions in occupational curricula. Additional research is warranted to address the heterogeneity of outcome measures and interventions. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (1999). Report to Congress: Traumatic brain injury in the United States. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/ Giles, G. M., Edwards, D. F., Morrison, M. T., Baum, C., & Wolf, T. J. (2017). Screening for functional cognition in postacute care and the Improving Medicare Post-Acute Care Transformation (IMPACT) Act of 2014. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71(5), 7105090010. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2017.715001https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/cahp_ot_sysrev/1002/thumbnail.jp

Metal coordination to a dimetallaoctatetrayne

The reactions of the ditungstaoctatetrayne [(Tp*)(CO)2W([triple bond, length as m-dash]CC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CC[triple bond, length as m-dash])W(CO)2(Tp*)] with several metal complexes have been investigated. Addition of [Co2(CO)8] occurs across the internal C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C bonds, whereas [AuCl(SMe2)] initially delivers 'AuCl' across the W[triple bond, length as m-dash]C carbyne bonds before undergoing further reaction to oxidise the tungsten and replace the carbonyl ligands with chloride in [(Tp*)Cl2W([triple bond, length as m-dash]CC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CC[triple bond, length as m-dash])WCl2(Tp*)] with retention of the ditungstaoctatetrayne bridge. Reaction with [AuCl(PR3)] (R = Ph, Cy) in the presence of AgPF6 prevents this oxidation and adds [AuPR3]+ across the W[triple bond, length as m-dash]C bonds to give dicationic derivatives. Finally, the reaction with [Pt(nbe)3] (nbe = norbornene, bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene) and 1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD) adds a 'Pt(COD)' unit to one or both tungsten-carbon bonds, allowing both the mono- and diplatinum complexes to be isolated.DP170102695 and DP190100723

Development of a Mild and Versatile Directed Cycloaddition Approach to Pyridines

The aza-Diels–Alder cycloaddition of 1,2,4-triazines with alkynes offers a rapid and convenient method for the synthesis of highly substituted pyridines, but often requires harsh conditions and long reaction times. The present study offers a solution to these limitations by use of a temporary tether established by a Lewis acid–base complexation of in situ generated alkynylboranes and triazines bearing a Lewis basic donor. The cycloaddition reactions take place within 20 min at 40 °C and provide direct access to a broad range of pyridines with complete and predictable regiocontrol. The carbon[BOND]boron bond can be further functionalised by cross-coupling allowing further functionality to be introduced after cycloaddition

The negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centre in diamond: the electronic solution

The negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centre is a unique defect in diamond that possesses properties highly suited to many applications, including quantum information processing, quantum metrology, and biolabelling. Although the unique properties of the centre have been extensively documented and utilised, a detailed understanding of the physics of the centre has not yet been achieved. Indeed there persists a number of points of contention regarding the electronic structure of the centre, such as the ordering of the dark intermediate singlet states. Without a sound model of the centre's electronic structure, the understanding of the system's unique dynamical properties can not effectively progress. In this work, the molecular model of the defect centre is fully developed to provide a self consistent model of the complete electronic structure of the centre. The application of the model to describe the effects of electric, magnetic and strain interactions, as well as the variation of the centre's fine structure with temperature, provides an invaluable tool to those studying the centre and a means to design future empirical and ab initio studies of this important defect.Comment: 24 pages, 6 figures, 10 table

Seismic triggering by rectified diffusion in geothermal systems

Widespread seismicity was triggered by the June 28, 1992, Landers California, earthquake at a rate which was maximum immediately after passage of the exciting seismic waves. Rectified diffusion of vapor from hydrothermal liquids and magma into bubbles oscillating in an earthquake can increase the local pore pressure to seismically significant levels within the duration of the earthquake. In a hydrothermal system modeled as a two-component H_2O-CO_2 fluid in porous rock the pressure initially increases linearly with time. The rate of pressure buildup depends sensitively on the mean bubble radius and is large for small bubbles. The diffusion-induced pressure is relaxed by percolation and resorption of vapor into the liquid solution. The induced seismicity itself also relieves stress. Values of parameters used in the present calculations give results consistent with observations of triggered seismicity at Long Valley caldera after the Landers earthquake. For one representative condition, at 250°C and 5.6 km depth, oscillating strain acting on 10-μm-diameter bubbles increases pore pressure at the rate of 151 Pa/s resulting in a pressure increase of 12 kPa in the 80-s duration of the Landers earthquake. The elevated pressure induced by a single 26-m-diameter cloud of bubbles in saturated rock relaxes by percolation through soil of 0.2-mdarcy permeability in 53.6 hours. Observations of earthquake swarms at other locations suggest that self-induced buildup of pore pressure by rectified diffusion can provide a positive feedback mechanism for amplifying seismicity

Abordagem aos números decimais e suas operações: a importância de uma “eficaz navegação” entre representações

Este artigo foca alguns aspectos e ideias de tarefas a serem exploradas com os alunos relativamente à multiplicação de números decimais, discutindo o conhecimento matemático para o ensino subjacente à preparação e à aplicação de tais tarefas. Discutem-se algumas representações dessa multiplicação e a importância de um rico e fundamentado conhecimento matemático para o ensino como promotor de um conhecimento matemático com significado, por parte dos alunos, por via de uma eficaz navegação entre representações. A escolha das representações pretende, aqui, tornar também evidente o motivo pelo qual, ao multiplicar dois números decimais, o número de casas decimais do produto é a soma dos factores. O texto tem por base um trabalho colaborativo desenvolvido ao longo dos últimos anos com professores do 1º ciclo do ensino básico (alunos com idade entre seis e nove anos), tendo como ponto de partida as discussões ocorridas ali, as reflexões subjacentes e as maiores dificuldades sentidas tanto pelos alunos, como pelos próprios professores. É de salientar que o facto de se abordarem conjuntamente representações dos números em decimais e fraccionários possibilita que os alunos se consciencializem de diferentes representações para um mesmo valor, o mesmo ocorrendo quando se utilizam diversas quantidades como unidades discretas, ou distintos tipos de unidades. Apenas se o professor for detentor de um sustentado conhecimento matemático para o ensino ele poderá recorrer a essas distintas representações de maneira construtiva e de modo a que tenham significado para os alunos

The Mechanism of Intrusion of the Inyo Dike, Long Valley Caldera, California

We analyze the intrusion of the 11-km-long lnyo Dike at the margins of Long Valley caldera, eastern California. The dike trends N07°W and is divided into at least three segments which are rotated by as much as 25° with respect to the main trend. The dike seems affected primarily by the regional stress field of right-lateral shear of the western United States and by the local thermal conditions of the crust; the dike seems unaffected by the preexisting caldera margins and Sierra-Nevada frontal fault system. The high heat flow in Long Valley caldera implies that crustal rocks below 3-4.5 km deform by steady state creep under tectonic strain rate and support low to vanishing tectonic shear stresses. The upper rocks, above 3-4.5 km, deform by frictional slip along fractures and may support tectonic shear stresses as high as 24 MPa. We demonstrate that depth variations of tectonic stresses may have a profound effect on the segmentation and rotation of dikes, both at Long Valley and in other areas of high heat flow. The analys is places constraints on several tectonic conditions. The lnyo Dike intruded under a tectonic stress state with a horizontal maximum compression oriented N07°W. The maximum extensional fracture strength of the host rocks is 1-2.5 MPa, and the pressure drop within the propagating Inyo Dike was about 0.55 MPa/km. The volatile overpressure in the magma chamber was about 15 MPa during eruption of rhyolitic lavas at the Inyo Domes

Genetic divergence in two tropical maize composites after four cycles of reciprocal recurrent selection

First published: 6 January 2017; Open Access JournalTwo tropical maize composites were subjected to four cycles of reciprocal recurrent selection to develop divergent inbred lines with good combining ability. This study was conducted to examine the extent of genetic diversity, changes in allele composition and genetic structure, of 100 randomly selected S1 lines each from the original (C0) and advanced (C4) selection cycles of TZL COMP3 and TZL COMP4, genotyped using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Results revealed that the proportion of alleles at both low and high frequencies decreased from C0 to C4, whereas those at intermediate frequencies increased at C4 in the two composites. More unique and other alleles were lost at C4 in TZL COMP3 relative to those in TZL COMP4. The changes in different measures of genetic diversity were either small or negligible with selection in the two composites. The proportion of markers departing from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) decreased with selection, whereas the total number of pairs of markers in linkage disequilibrium increased with selection in the two composites. Examination of changes in population structures using a model-based approach as well as cluster and multivariate analyses found a high degree of concordance in stratifying the 400 S1 lines into four non-overlapping groups corresponding to the two selection cycles each within the reciprocal composites. The observed molecular-based divergence between cycles within the same composite and the clear differentiation between the complementary composites highlight the importance of reciprocal recurrent selection for preserving genetic diversity for long-term selection. This increases the potential of the advanced selection cycles to sustain genetic gain in productivity of hybrids adapted to the savannas in West and Central Africa

Multiple mechanistically distinct modes of endocannabinoid mobilization at central amygdala glutamatergic synapses.

The central amygdala (CeA) is a key structure at the limbic-motor interface regulating stress responses and emotional learning. Endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling is heavily implicated in the regulation of stress-response physiology and emotional learning processes; however, the role of eCBs in the modulation of synaptic efficacy in the CeA is not well understood. Here we describe the subcellular localization of CB1 cannabinoid receptors and eCB synthetic machinery at glutamatergic synapses in the CeA and find that CeA neurons exhibit multiple mechanistically and temporally distinct modes of postsynaptic eCB mobilization. These data identify a prominent role for eCBs in the modulation of excitatory drive to CeA neurons and provide insight into the mechanisms by which eCB signaling and exogenous cannabinoids could regulate stress responses and emotional learning

Spirituality and religiosity at the junction of consumerism: Exploring Consumer Preference for Spiritual Brands

This paper extends the growing research on the influence of religion and spiritualism on consumer behavior by exploring the relationship between spirituality and religiosity (intrinsic vs. extrinsic) as well as their effects on consumers’ purchase of FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) brands promoted by spiritual leaders (spiritual brands). Results from an online survey of 238 Indian consumers across four food product categories (honey, cheese, biscuits and cooking oil) shows that both intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity have significant positive effects, but spirituality has no significant effect on the purchase of spiritual brands. We discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of these findings as well as some limitations of our study and useful directions for future research