Subitamente cuidadores informais: a experiência de transição para o papel de cuidador informal a partir de um evento inesperado

Tese de doutoramento, Enfermagem, Universidade de Lisboa, com a participação da Escola Superior de Enfermagem, 2011A literatura sobre o desenvolvimento do papel de cuidador informal reconhece, consensualmente, a importância da protecção e da promoção da qualidade de vida dos cuidadores informais como uma prioridade para os profissionais de saúde. Contudo, a literatura revela-se escassa no que respeita à atenção sobre a experiência vivida dos subitamente cuidadores informais, encontrando-se o conhecimento existente muito centrado nos aspectos físicos do cuidar. O que significa tornar-se subitamente cuidador, ou a experiência vivida da redefinição de si, num novo papel, são aspectos que necessitam de maior clarificação. Este estudo qualitativo tem como objectivo compreender o sentido da experiência vivida na transição para o papel de cuidador informal de um convivente significativo a partir de um evento súbito. O desenho do estudo adoptou uma abordagem fenomenológico-hermenêutica tendo sido realizadas entrevistas não estruturadas junto de cuidadores informais (N=14) para a recolha de informação. Na análise da informação utilizou-se a abordagem de Van Manen, identificando-se quatro temas principais: o(s) tempo(s) vivido(s); sentindo-se só; tomando o outro a cargo; desencontros no percurso. A experiência de se tornar subitamente cuidador é, ainda, marcada por um movimento não linear através do decurso do tempo de focagem e desfocagem na situação de cuidar. O ser capaz de se relacionar com os outros, de reorganizar o seu tempo e de se sentir confortável ao assumir as suas novas responsabilidades são indicadores da capacidade de adaptação dos cuidadores a esta transição, bem como da obtenção de equilíbrio neste novo papel – do sentir-se “exclusivamente cuidador” a “também cuidador”. O conhecimento aprofundado sobre o sentido que os cuidadores atribuem à sua experiência – relações, opções e estratégias de coping – é crucial para que os enfermeiros possam planificar, avaliar e desenhar intervenções de enfermagem capazes de dar respostas às necessidades daqueles que se tornam subitamente cuidadores informaisThe literature on the development of the role of informal caregivers widely recognizes that protecting and promoting the quality of life of caregivers should be a priority for health professionals. However, knowledge about how individuals develop as sudden caregivers is scarce, with existing knowledge centring mainly on the physical aspects of caregiving. What it means to suddenly become a caregiver or to experience role redefinition as a caregiver remains largely unclear. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand the lived experience of individuals taking on the role of informal caregivers after an unexpected event involving a relative. A phenomenological-hermeneutical framework guided the study. Participants were 14 adult informal caregivers. Unstructured interviews were used for collecting data and Van Manen´s approach to analyse data and to reveal themes. From caregivers‟ interviews, four main themes were identified: lived time, feeling alone, taking over someone else‟s life, failing expectations. Also, the caregiving experience is characterized as a movement of ongoing focussing and de-focussing in the caregiving situation over time. The extent to which caregivers feel connected with others, redefine their personal use of time, and feel comfortable with their new responsibilities indicates how they are managing this transition and how well they are achieving balance in their new role; i.e., from feeling „exclusively‟ a caregiver to being „also‟ a caregiver. Information about the meaning that caregivers attribute to their experience – relationships, options, and strategies – is crucial, as it will help nurses to plan, assess, and design adequate nursing interventions to support informal caregivers, especially in unexpected situations

Setting health priorities in a community: a case example

OBJECTIVE To describe the methodology used in the process of setting health priorities for community intervention in a community of older adults. METHODS Based on the results of a health diagnosis related to active aging, a prioritization process was conceived to select the priority intervention problem. The process comprised four successive phases of problem analysis and classification: (1) grouping by level of similarity, (2) classification according to epidemiological criteria, (3) ordering by experts, and (4) application of the Hanlon method. These stages combined, in an integrated manner, the views of health team professionals, community nursing and gerontology experts, and the actual community. RESULTS The first stage grouped the identified problems by level of similarity, comprising a body of 19 issues for analysis. In the second stage these problems were classified by the health team members by epidemiological criteria (size, vulnerability, and transcendence). The nine most relevant problems resulting from the second stage of the process were submitted to expert analysis and the five most pertinent problems were selected. The last step identified the priority issue for intervention in this specific community with the participation of formal and informal community leaders: Low Social Interaction in Community Participation. CONCLUSIONS The prioritization process is a key step in health planning, enabling the identification of priority problems to intervene in a given community at a given time. There are no default formulas for selecting priority issues. It is up to each community intervention team to define its own process with different methods/techniques that allow the identification of and intervention in needs classified as priority by the community.OBJETIVO Descrever a metodologia utilizada no processo de estabelecimento de prioridades em saúde para intervenção comunitária, numa comunidade idosa. MÉTODOS Partindo dos resultados de um diagnóstico de saúde no âmbito da promoção do envelhecimento ativo, concebeu-se um processo de estabelecimento de prioridades a fim de selecionar o problema prioritário para intervenção. O processo integrou quatro etapas sucessivas de análise e classificação dos problemas: (1) agrupamento por nível de similitude, (2) classificação de acordo com critérios epidemiológicos, (3) ordenação por peritos e (4) aplicação do método de Hanlon. No decurso destas etapas, combinaram-se, de forma integrada, as perspetivas dos profissionais da equipe de saúde, de peritos em enfermagem comunitária e gerontologia e da própria comunidade. RESULTADOS Na primeira etapa, agruparam-se por nível de similitude os problemas identificados, constituindo-se um corpo de 19 problemas para análise. Na segunda, esses problemas foram classificados pelos elementos da equipe de saúde, mediante a aplicação de critérios de cariz epidemiológico (magnitude, vulnerabilidade e transcendência). Os nove problemas mais relevantes resultantes da operacionalização da segunda etapa do processo foram submetidos a análise por peritos, e selecionados os cinco problemas com maior pertinência de atuação. Na última etapa, com recurso à participação de líderes formais e informais da comunidade, identificou-se o problema prioritário para intervenção nessa comunidade específica: a Baixa Interação Social na Participação Comunitária. CONCLUSÕES O processo de estabelecimento de prioridades é uma etapa fundamental do planejamento em saúde, permitindo identificar os problemas prioritários a intervir numa determinada comunidade e num determinado momento. Não existem fórmulas predeterminadas para a seleção de problemas prioritários. Cabe a cada equipe de intervenção comunitária a definição de um processo próprio com diferentes métodos/técnicas que possibilitem a identificação e intervenção em necessidades classificadas como prioritárias pela comunidade

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Promoção da saúde no trabalho: avaliação dos estilos de vida de assistentes administrativos de um hospital

Objetivo: Caracterizar os estilos de vida dos assistentes administrativos de um hospital, para definição de estratégias de promoção de saúde no local de trabalho. Método: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo, de caráter transversal, realizado junto a assistentes administrativos (N = 167) de um hospital português de média dimensão. Os dados foram coletados através de um questionário (QEV&PS-SO), para caracterização sociodemográfica e análise dos determinantes de saúde relacionados com estilos de vida. Resultados: Observou-se que 54% da amostra não praticava exercício físico, 52% fazia quatro ou menos refeições por dia, 29% apresentava hábitos tabágicos, 51% tinha insônia e 45% não fazia vigilância de saúde, assim como 51,5% apresentava excesso de peso ou obesidade e 63% apresentava risco aumentado ou muito aumentado para desenvolvimento de complicações metabólicas. Não se identificaram diferenças significativas em relação ao peso, prática de exercício físico ou estresse em função do sexo ou idade. Conclusão: Os resultados sustentam a necessidade do desenvolvimento de programas de intervenção com estratégias dirigidas à promoção de estilos de vida saudáveis junto aos trabalhadores das instituições de saúde, a serem integradas, de forma compreensiva, no âmbito da saúde ocupacional.Objective: To characterize the lifestyles of administrative assistants in a hospital, in order to define health promotion strategies in the workplace. Method: A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study, carried out with administrative assistants (N = 167) of a medium-sized Portuguese hospital. The data were collected through a questionnaire (QEV&PS-SO) for sociodemographic characterization and analysis of health determinants related to lifestyles. Results: It was observed that 54% of the sample did not practice physical exercise, 52% had four or fewer meals a day, 29% were smokers, 51% had insomnia, and 45% had no health surveillance, as well as 51.5% were overweight or obese and 63% had an increased or very increased risk of developing metabolic complications. No significant differences were identified in relation to weight, physical exercise or stress according to sex or age. Conclusion: The results support the need to develop intervention programs with strategies aimed at promoting healthy lifestyles among workers in health institutions, to be comprehensively integrated within the scope of occupational health.Objetivo: Caracterizar los estilos de vida de los auxiliares administrativos de un hospital, para definir estrategias de promoción de la salud en el trabajo. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal, realizado con auxiliares administrativos (N = 167) de un hospital portugués de tamaño medio. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de un cuestionario (QEV&PS-SO), para la caracterización sociodemográfica y el análisis de los determinantes de la salud relacionados con los estilos de vida. Resultados: Se observó que el 54% de la muestra no practicaba ejercicio físico, el 52% hacía cuatro o menos comidas al día, el 29% era fumador, el 51% tenía insomnio, el 45% no tenía vigilancia de salud, así como el 51,5% tenía sobrepeso u obesidad y el 63% tenía un riesgo aumentado o muy aumentado de desarrollar complicaciones metabólicas. No se identificaron diferencias significativas en relación con el peso, el ejercicio físico o el estrés según el sexo o la edad. Conclusión: Los resultados respaldan la necesidad de desarrollar programas de intervención con estrategias dirigidas a la promoción de estilos de vida saludable entre los trabajadores de las instituciones de salud, para ser integradas integralmente en el ámbito de la salud ocupacional

Setting health priorities in a community: a case example

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the methodology used in the process of setting health priorities for community intervention in a community of older adults. METHODS Based on the results of a health diagnosis related to active aging, a prioritization process was conceived to select the priority intervention problem. The process comprised four successive phases of problem analysis and classification: (1) grouping by level of similarity, (2) classification according to epidemiological criteria, (3) ordering by experts, and (4) application of the Hanlon method. These stages combined, in an integrated manner, the views of health team professionals, community nursing and gerontology experts, and the actual community. RESULTS The first stage grouped the identified problems by level of similarity, comprising a body of 19 issues for analysis. In the second stage these problems were classified by the health team members by epidemiological criteria (size, vulnerability, and transcendence). The nine most relevant problems resulting from the second stage of the process were submitted to expert analysis and the five most pertinent problems were selected. The last step identified the priority issue for intervention in this specific community with the participation of formal and informal community leaders: Low Social Interaction in Community Participation. CONCLUSIONS The prioritization process is a key step in health planning, enabling the identification of priority problems to intervene in a given community at a given time. There are no default formulas for selecting priority issues. It is up to each community intervention team to define its own process with different methods/techniques that allow the identification of and intervention in needs classified as priority by the community

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved