767 research outputs found
An introduction to spacecraft thermal control
External and internal passive and active methods for spacecraft thermal control - material insulation and structural propertie
Modelling tsunami inundation on coastlines with characteristic form
This paper provides an indication of the likely difference in tsunami amplification and dissipation between different characteristic coastal embayments, coastal entrances and estuaries. Numerical modeling is performed with the ANU/Geoscience Australia tsunami inundation model. Characteristic coastal morphology is represented by simpler generic morphological shapes which can be applied easily in the ANUGA model, such that key non-dimensional parameters (e.g. embayment depth/bay width) can be varied. Modeling is performed with a range of bay shapes, seabed gradient and different incident tsunami wave shapes and wave angles, including sine waves, solitary waves and leading depression Nwaves. The results show a complex pattern for both large and small embayments, with wave breaking an important control on the amplification of the wave between the 20m contour and the shore. For large embayments, the wave run-up can be amplified by a factor six in comparison to the amplitude at the model boundary. For small embayments, the amplification is dependent on the location of the ocean water line, or tidal stage
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The characterization of Salmonella enterica serotypes isolated from the scalder tank water of a commercial poultry processing plant: Recovery of a multidrug-resistant Heidelberg strain
The recent multistate outbreak of
a multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella Heidelberg
strain from commercial poultry production highlights
the need to better understand the reservoirs of these
zoonotic pathogens within the commercial poultry production
and processing environment. As part of a larger
study looking at temporal changes in microbial communities
within the major water tanks within a commercial
processing facility, this paper identifies and characterizes
Salmonella enterica isolated from the water in a
final scalder tank at 3 times during a typical processing
day: prior to the birds entering the tank (start),
halfway through the processing day (mid), and after the
final birds were scalded (end). Over 3 consecutive processing
days, no Salmonella were recovered from start-of-day water samples, while a total of 56 Salmonella
isolates were recovered from the mid-day and end-of-day
scalder water samples. Traditional and newer PCR-based
serotyping methods eventually identified these
isolates as either group C3 S. Kentucky (n = 45) and
group B S. Heidelberg (n = 11). While none of the
S. Kentucky isolates possessed any resistances to the
antimicrobials tested, all S. Heidelberg isolates were
found to be multidrug resistant to 5 specific antimicrobials
representing 3 antimicrobial classes. Due to the
potential public health impact of S. Heidelberg and
the recent nationwide poultry-associated outbreak of
multidrug-resistant S. Heidelberg, future studies should
focus on understanding the transmission and environmental
growth dynamics of this serotype within the
commercial poultry processing plant environment.Keywords: S. Heidelberg, Scalder water, Multidrug resistanc
The state of the Martian climate
60°N was +2.0°C, relative to the 1981–2010 average value (Fig. 5.1). This marks a new high for the record. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly for 2016 for land stations north of starting in 1900, and is a significant increase over the previous highest value of +1.2°C, which was observed in 2007, 2011, and 2015. Average global annual temperatures also showed record values in 2015 and 2016. Currently, the Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of lower latitudes
Urine disinfection and in situ pathogen killing using a Microbial Fuel Cell cascade system
© 2017 Ieropoulos et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are emerging as an effective means of treating different types of waste including urine and wastewater. However, the fate of pathogens in an MFC-based system remains unknown, and in this study we investigated the effect of introducing the enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in an MFC cascade system. The MFCs continuously fed with urine showed high disinfecting potential. As part of two independent trials, during which the bioluminescent S. enteritidis strain was introduced into the MFC cascade, the number of viable counts and the level of bioluminescence were reduced by up to 4.43-0.04 and 4.21-0.01 log-fold, respectively. The killing efficacy observed for the MFCs operating under closed-circuit conditions, were higher by 1.69 and 1.72 log-fold reduction than for the open circuit MFCs, in both independent trials. The results indicated that the bactericidal properties of a well performing anode were dependent on power performance and the oxidation-reduction potential recorded for the MFCs. This is the first time that the fate of pathogenic bacteria has been investigated in continuously operating MFC systems
Quaternary Organic Solar Cells Enhanced by Cocrystalline Squaraines with Power Conversion Efficiencies >10%
The incorporation of multiple donors into the bulk-heterojunction layer of organic polymer solar cells (PSCs) has been demonstrated as a practical and elegant strategy to improve photovoltaics performance. However, it is challenging to successfully design and blend multiple donors, while minimizing unfavorable interactions (e.g., morphological traps, recombination centers, etc.). Here, a new Förster resonance energy transfer-based design is shown utilizing the synergistic nature of three light active donors (two small molecules and a high-performance donor–acceptor polymer) with a fullerene acceptor to create highly efficient quaternary PSCs with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 10.7%. Within this quaternary architecture, it is revealed that the addition of small molecules in low concentrations broadens the absorption bandwidth, induces cocrystalline molecular conformations, and promotes rapid (picosecond) energy transfer processes. These results provide guidance for the design of multiple-donor systems using simple processing techniques to realize single-junction PSC designs with unprecedented PCEs
Quaternary Organic Solar Cells Enhanced by Cocrystalline Squaraines with Power Conversion Efficiencies >10%
The incorporation of multiple donors into the bulk-heterojunction layer of organic polymer solar cells (PSCs) has been demonstrated as a practical and elegant strategy to improve photovoltaics performance. However, it is challenging to successfully design and blend multiple donors, while minimizing unfavorable interactions (e.g., morphological traps, recombination centers, etc.). Here, a new Förster resonance energy transfer-based design is shown utilizing the synergistic nature of three light active donors (two small molecules and a high-performance donor–acceptor polymer) with a fullerene acceptor to create highly efficient quaternary PSCs with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 10.7%. Within this quaternary architecture, it is revealed that the addition of small molecules in low concentrations broadens the absorption bandwidth, induces cocrystalline molecular conformations, and promotes rapid (picosecond) energy transfer processes. These results provide guidance for the design of multiple-donor systems using simple processing techniques to realize single-junction PSC designs with unprecedented PCEs
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