Influence of soybean phenological stage and leaflets age on infection by Phakopsora pachyrhizi

Objetivou-se detectar a influência do estádio fenológico e da idade da folha de soja na infecção por Phakopsora pachyrhizi, agente causal da ferrugemasiática (FA). Plantas das cultivares BRS 154 e BRS 258 foram inoculadas, com suspensão de 10(5) urediniósporos/mL, nos estádios fenológicos V3, R1 e R5. Após 24 horas de câmara úmida, as plantas foram acondicionadas em condições de casa de vegetação por 20 dias. Avaliou-se o período latente médio (PLM) e a severidade. Para a avaliação da suscetibilidade de trifólios à FA utilizou-se a cultivar BRS 154 (V5). A inoculação foi realizada nos quatro primeiros trifólios. Aos 15 dias após a inoculação, os folíolos foram avaliados quanto à severidade, tamanho médio de lesão e freqüência de infecção. O estádio das plantas de soja não influenciou no PLM. As cultivares BRS 154 e BRS 258 tiveram PLM de 8 e 9 dias, respectivamente. As cultivares não se diferenciaram quanto à severidade da doença. Não houve diferença de severidade nos estádios V3 e R1, porém, os valores de severidade nesses estádios foram superiores ao valor de severidade no estádio R5, na avaliação realizada 8 dias após a inoculação. Em relação à suscetibilidade de folhas, o trifólio mais velho apresentou maiores valores de doença.This work was conducted to study the influence of soybean growth stage and leaf age on the infection of Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the soybean rust pathogen. Soybean plants (cv. BRS 154 and BRS 258) at the V3, R1 and R5 growth stages were inoculated with a 1 x 10(5) urediniospores per mL suspension. After a period of 24 hours in dew chambers, all plants were removed from the chambers and placed under greenhouse conditions for 20 days. Mean latent period (PLM) and disease severity were estimated. The susceptibility of trifoliate leaves to soybean rust was estimated on cv. BRS 154 at the growth stage R5. Pathogen inoculation was done at the first four trifoliate leaves. Fifteen days after inoculation, leaflets of each trefoil were evaluated for disease severity, lesion mean size and infection frequency. Plants' growth stage did not influence the PLM. Cultivars BRS 154 and BRS 258 presented PLM of 8 and 9 days, respectively. There was no difference in disease severity at the growth stages V3 and R1, but those values were higher than at the R5 growth stage, 8 days after inoculation. The oldest trefoil showed the highest disease values

Edición del género epistolar. Hacia un lugar en el campo literario. Caso: el archivo Alfredo Veiravé

 Este proyecto de investigación situado en un campo transdisciplinario en el que convergen los estudios semióticos, la teoría literaria en general, la crítica genética y los saberes de una edición anotada, en particular, se propone relevar el epistolario del Fondo Documental personal del poeta, escritor y docente universitario Alfredo Veiravé con vistas a una edición crítica. La investigación se articula con el proyecto “Del texto manuscrito al texto editado. Edición crítico-genética de la obra de Alfredo Veiravé”. (PID 3151) y se propone como caso testigo de una manera de establecer una relación entre los estudios literarios y la archivística. En la concurrencia entre la archivística y la crítica genética se examinará la relación entre la memoria que genera el archivo específicamente vinculadas a las relaciones entre escritores y los procesos sociales de conformación del canon. Este proyecto habilita que los materiales editables discutan entre sí con los textos en el sistema literario en que se incorporarán. La figura de Veiravé ha sido elegida para inscribirse en el debate abierto respecto de la producción literaria de provincias y su tensión y articulación con las producciones literarias que adquieren carácter nacional. En este sentido afrontar el armado de la correspondencia de y hacia Alfredo Veiravé como espacio semiótico viene a aportar en su conjunto -obras del autor y análisis críticos- a una tendencia literaria animada por la voluntad de posicionar las obras de carácter regional o federal y, especialmente, la producción literaria de provincias en el canon, al tiempo que busca ser una intervención en el campo de la literatura argentin

GM-CSF Production Allows the Identification of Immunoprevalent Antigens Recognized by Human CD4+ T Cells Following Smallpox Vaccination

The threat of bioterrorism with smallpox and the broad use of vaccinia vectors for other vaccines have led to the resurgence in the study of vaccinia immunological memory. The importance of the role of CD4+ T cells in the control of vaccinia infection is well known. However, more CD8+ than CD4+ T cell epitopes recognized by human subjects immunized with vaccinia virus have been reported. This could be, in part, due to the fact that most of the studies that have identified human CD4+ specific protein-derived fragments or peptides have used IFN-γ production to evaluate vaccinia specific T cell responses. Based on these findings, we reasoned that analyzing a large panel of cytokines would permit us to generate a more complete analysis of the CD4 T cell responses. The results presented provide clear evidence that TNF-α is an excellent readout of vaccinia specificity and that other cytokines such as GM-CSF can be used to evaluate the reactivity of CD4+ T cells in response to vaccinia antigens. Furthermore, using these cytokines as readout of vaccinia specificity, we present the identification of novel peptides from immunoprevalent vaccinia proteins recognized by CD4+ T cells derived from smallpox vaccinated human subjects. In conclusion, we describe a “T cell–driven” methodology that can be implemented to determine the specificity of the T cell response upon vaccination or infection. Together, the single pathogen in vitro stimulation, the selection of CD4+ T cells specific to the pathogen by limiting dilution, the evaluation of pathogen specificity by detecting multiple cytokines, and the screening of the clones with synthetic combinatorial libraries, constitutes a novel and valuable approach for the elucidation of human CD4+ T cell specificity in response to large pathogens

The Seventeenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: Complete Release of MaNGA, MaStar and APOGEE-2 Data

This paper documents the seventeenth data release (DR17) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys; the fifth and final release from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). DR17 contains the complete release of the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey, which reached its goal of surveying over 10,000 nearby galaxies. The complete release of the MaNGA Stellar Library (MaStar) accompanies this data, providing observations of almost 30,000 stars through the MaNGA instrument during bright time. DR17 also contains the complete release of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) survey which publicly releases infra-red spectra of over 650,000 stars. The main sample from the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), as well as the sub-survey Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS) data were fully released in DR16. New single-fiber optical spectroscopy released in DR17 is from the SPectroscipic IDentification of ERosita Survey (SPIDERS) sub-survey and the eBOSS-RM program. Along with the primary data sets, DR17 includes 25 new or updated Value Added Catalogs (VACs). This paper concludes the release of SDSS-IV survey data. SDSS continues into its fifth phase with observations already underway for the Milky Way Mapper (MWM), Local Volume Mapper (LVM) and Black Hole Mapper (BHM) surveys

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years