虚拟教育的机遇和障碍：教育行为者满意度感知的决定因素

This study addresses virtual education in the context of the pandemic, whose objective is to analyze the opportunities, barriers and level of satisfaction of educational actors, in the face of this study modality. The approach is quantitative, non-experimental-cross-sectional design and the type of research is descriptive. The data was collected through a questionnaire. The population consisted of 10 educational institutions, a quota sampling was carried out, with a sample of 410 subjects. The results showed that communication, teaching performance and the management of virtual learning environments are basic conditions for the implementation of virtual education; Student-centered teaching, the probability of studying at any time and place, access to teaching aids and various methodologies were established as advantages. While the disadvantages include access problems, poor internet connection, difficulties in assimilating change and the pace of work, lack of skills to manage virtual classrooms. The educational actors express a medium level of satisfaction regarding this type of study, registering significant differences between users and servers. Concluding that virtual education presents a series of opportunities and barriers that condition the level of satisfaction.Este estudio aborda la educación virtual en el contexto de la pandemia, cuyo objetivo es analizar las oportunidades, barreras y nivel de satisfacción de los actores educativos, frente a esta modalidad de estudio. El enfoque es cuantitativo descriptivo con diseño no experimental-transversal. Los datos se recogieron mediante un cuestionario y se aplicó a 10 instituciones educativas. Se realizó un muestreo por cuotas, con una muestra de 410 sujetos. Los resultados mostraron que la comunicación, el desempeño docente y la gestión de ambientes virtuales de aprendizaje son condiciones básicas para la implementación de la educación virtual; se establecieron como ventajas la enseñanza centrada en los estudiantes, la probabilidad de estudiar en cualquier tiempo y lugar, el acceso a ayudas didácticas y a diversas metodologías. Mientras que entre las desventajas destacan problemas de acceso, mala conexión a internet, dificultades para asimilar el cambio y el ritmo de trabajo, la falta de competencias para gestionar las aulas virtuales. Los actores educativos expresan un nivel medio de satisfacción respecto a esta modalidad de estudio registrándose diferencias significativas entre usuarios y servidores. Se concluye que la educación virtual presenta una serie de oportunidades y barreras que condicionan el nivel de satisfacción.Данное исследование посвящено виртуальному образованию в контексте пандемии, цель которого - проанализировать возможности, барьеры и уровень удовлетворенности участников образовательного процесса этим способом обучения. Подход - количественный описательный, неэкспериментальный, кросс-секционный. Данные были собраны с помощью анкеты и применены к 10 образовательным учреждениям. Была проведена квотная выборка, составившая 410 человек. Результаты показали, что коммуникация, эффективность преподавания и управление виртуальной учебной средой являются основными условиями для внедрения виртуального образования; в качестве преимуществ были определены преподавание, ориентированное на учащихся, возможность обучения в любое время и в любом месте, доступ к дидактическим пособиям и разнообразным методикам. К недостаткам относятся проблемы доступа, плохое подключение к Интернету, трудности в освоении преобразований и темпа работы, отсутствие навыков управления виртуальными классами. Участники образовательного процесса выражают средний уровень удовлетворенности этим способом обучения, со значительными различиями между пользователями и серверами. Делается вывод, что виртуальное образование представляет ряд возможностей и барьеров, которые обуславливают уровень удовлетворенности.本研究涉及疫情背景下的虚拟教育，其目的是分析教育参与者面对这种研究方式的机会、障碍和满意度。我们使用定量描述的非实验横向设计的研究方法。数据是通过问卷收集的，并应用于 10 个教育机构。研究进行了配额抽样，样本为 410 名受试者。结果表明，虚拟学习环境的交流、教学绩效和管理是实施虚拟教育的基本条件；以学生为中心的教学、随时随地学习的可能性、获得教具和各种方法论被确立为优势。缺点包括访问问题、互联网连接不良、难以适应变化和工作节奏、缺乏管理虚拟教室的技能。教育参与者对这种学习方式表达了中等水平的满意度，表明用户和服务器之间存在显着差异。得出的结论是，虚拟教育提出了一系列影响满意度的机会和障碍

Oportunidades y barreras de la educación virtual: condicionantes de la percepción del nivel de satisfacción de los actores educativos

Este estudio aborda la educación virtual en el contexto de la pandemia, cuyo objetivo es analizar las oportunidades, barreras y nivel de satisfacción de los actores educativos, frente a esta modalidad de estudio. El enfoque es cuantitativo descriptivo con diseño no experimental- transversal. Los datos se recogieron mediante un cuestionario y se aplicó a 10 instituciones educativas. Se realizó un muestreo por cuotas, con una muestra de 410 sujetos. Los resultados mostraron que la comunicación, el desempeño docente y la gestión de ambientes virtuales de aprendizaje son condiciones básicas para la implementación de la educación virtual; se establecieron como ventajas la enseñanza centrada en los estudiantes, la probabilidad de estudiar en cualquier tiempo y lugar, el acceso a ayudas didácticas y a diversas metodologías. Mientras que entre las desventajas destacan problemas de acceso, mala conexión a internet, dificultades para asimilar el cambio y el ritmo de trabajo, la falta de competencias para gestionar las aulas virtuales. Los actores educativos expresan un nivel medio de satisfacción respecto a esta modalidad de estudio registrándose diferencias significativas entre usuarios y servidores. Se concluye que la educación virtual presenta una serie de oportunidades y barreras que condicionan el nivel de satisfacción.This study addresses virtual education in the context of the pandemic, whose objective is to analyze the opportunities, barriers and level of satisfaction of educational actors, in the face of this study modality. The approach is quantitative, non-experimental-cross-sectional design and the type of research is descriptive. The data was collected through a questionnaire. The population consisted of 10 educational institutions, a quota sampling was carried out, with a sample of 410 subjects. The results showed that communication, teaching performance and the management of virtual learning environments are basic conditions for the implementation of virtual education; Student-centered teaching, the probability of studying at any time and place, access to teaching aids and various methodologies were established as advantages. While the disadvantages include access problems, poor internet connection, difficulties in assimilating change and the pace of work, lack of skills to manage virtual classrooms. The educational actors express a medium level of satisfaction regarding this type of study, registering significant differences between users and servers. Concluding that virtual education presents a series of opportunities and barriers that condition the level of satisfaction.Proyecto Innovación TIC para el análisis de la formación y satisfacción de estudiantes y egresados de grado de educación infantil y primaria y de la valoración de sus empleadores. Una perspectiva transnacional (INNOTEDUC)Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucía 2014- 2020 (Proyectos I+D+I). Consejería de Universidad, Investigación e Innovación de la Junta de Andalucía (España). Referencia B-SEJ-554-UGR20 (2021-2023)ECALFOR “Evaluación de la formación del profesorado en América Latina y Caribe. Garantía de la calidad de los títulos de educación”. Programa europeo EPPKA2 -Cooperation for innovation and the exchange of good practices, Action CBHE-JP- Capacity Building in higher education–Joint Projects Referencia: 618625-EPP-1 2020-1-ES-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP (2021-2024

Los padres como promotores del desarrollo de lenguaje de bebés prematuros: propuesta de intervención temprana

Cualquier programa de intervención puede beneficiarse de la participación de los padres, pero es necesario darles información de cómo pueden estimular el lenguaje de sus hijos. El objetivo fue entrenar a los padres acerca de lo que debían esperar del desarrollo del lenguaje de sus hijos y brindarles técnicas de estimulación de este para evitar secuelas. Se estudiaron 21 bebés prematuros mexicanos y se comprobó que, después del entrenamiento, los padres se sentían más capaces de estimular a sus hijos. A los bebés se les aplicó una prueba de lenguaje al año y a los tres años de edad; en ambas obtuvieron puntajes normales para su edad. Se concluye que los padres son buenos promotores del lenguaje en bebés prematuro

Blanqueo de la fibra de celulosa de paja de caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp.) con peróxido de hidrógeno

Objective: Optimize the treatment of cellulose bleaching, replacing the use of sodium hypochlorite with hydrogen peroxide. Design/methodology/approach: A completely randomized design was used, the treatments were six processes of cellulose bleaching, which were carried out with 18 repetitions. To extract the cellulose, the artisanal method and 40 g of straw were used per treatment. The extraction and yield of cellulose and cellulose fiber, whiteness, crystallinity, granule size, purity of the cellulose and an economic analysis of the cost of the bleaching process were evaluated. Results: The average cellulose fiber extracted was 14 g, meaning that the yield of cellulose fiber was 35%. The average cellulose was 8 g, which represents a yield of 39.9% cellulose. The whiteness with sodium hypochlorite was 86.6 %, with a crystallinity of 65.9% and the cellulose granule size was 2.6 nm, and with hydrogen peroxide whiteness was 83%, the crystallinity was 68 % and the average granule size was 2.7 nm, according to the XRD method. This means similarity in both bleaching process. According to the FTIR analysis, the cellulose bleached in both processes is similar to the cellulose structure. Limitations on study/implications: Cellulose bleaching is more expensive with hydrogen peroxide process. Findings/conclusions: The cellulose extracted from the sugar cane straw, bleached with hydrogen peroxide presents acceptable characteristics to produce artisanal paperObjetivo: Optimizar el tratamiento de blanqueo de celulosa, sustituyendo el uso de hipoclorito de sodio por peróxido de hidrógeno. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, donde los tratamientos fueron seis procesos de blanqueo de celulosa, que se realizaron con 18 repeticiones. Para extraer la celulosa se usó el método artesanal y 40 g de paja por tratamiento. Se evaluó la extracción y rendimiento de fibra de celulosa y celulosa, blancura, cristalinidad, tamaño de gránulo, pureza de la celulosa y un análisis económico del costo del proceso de blanqueo. Resultados: El promedio de fibra de celulosa extraída fue de 14 g, esto significa que el rendimiento de fibra de celulosa fue 35 %. El promedio de celulosa fue de 8 g que representa un rendimiento de 39.9 % de celulosa. La blancura con hipoclorito de sodio fue del 86.6%, la cristalinidad de 65.9 % y un tamaño de granulo de celulosa de 2.6 nm, y con peróxido de hidrógeno fue del 83 %, la cristalinidad del 68% y el tamaño de granulo promedio fue 2.7 nm, según el método de XRD, indicando resultados similares. De acuerdo al análisis de FTIR, la celulosa blanqueada en ambos procesos, es similar a la estructura de celulosa reportada en la literatura. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: Se observó un costo más elevado en el blanqueo de la celulosa con el peróxido de hidrógeno. Hallazgos/conclusiones: La celulosa de la paja de caña de azúcar blanqueada con peróxido de hidrógeno presenta características adecuadas para elaborar papel artesanal

Multicentric study of cervical cancer screening with human papillomavirus testing and assessment of triage methods in Latin America : the ESTAMPA screening study protocol

Q1Q1Introduction Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing is replacing cytology in primary screening. Its limited specificity demands using a second (triage) test to better identify women at high-risk of cervical disease. Cytology represents the immediate triage but its low sensitivity might hamper HPV testing sensitivity, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), where cytology performance has been suboptimal. The ESTAMPA (EStudio multicéntrico de TAMizaje y triaje de cáncer de cuello uterino con pruebas del virus del PApiloma humano; Spanish acronym) study will: (1) evaluate the performance of different triage techniques to detect cervical precancer and (2) inform on how to implement HPV-based screening programmes in LMIC. Methods and analysis Women aged 30–64 years are screened with HPV testing and Pap across 12 study centres in Latin America. Screened positives have colposcopy with biopsy and treatment of lesions. Women with no evident disease are recalled 18 months later for another HPV test; those HPV-positive undergo colposcopy with biopsy and treatment as needed. Biological specimens are collected in different visits for triage testing, which is not used for clinical management. The study outcome is histological high-grade squamous intraepithelial or worse lesions (HSIL+) under the lower anogenital squamous terminology. About 50 000 women will be screened and 500 HSIL+ cases detected (at initial and 18 months screening). Performance measures (sensitivity, specificity and predictive values) of triage techniques to detect HSIL+ will be estimated and compared with adjustment by age and study centre. Ethics and dissemination The study protocol has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), of the Pan American Health Organisation (PAHO) and by those in each participating centre. A Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) has been established to monitor progress of the study, assure participant safety, advice on scientific conduct and analysis and suggest protocol improvements. Study findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at scientific meetings. Trial registration number NCT01881659Revista Internacional - Indexad

El desafío de la paz: Colombia, Guatemala, Ucrania y El Salvador a la luz de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible

Recoge las ponencias expuestas por treinta y una personalidades académicas y políticas de talla internacional además de las intervenciones de las autoridades académicas de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid y del Ministerio de Derechos Sociales y Agenda 2030, presentadas en cuatro seminarios, que comenzaron con los relativos a los procesos de paz en Colombia y Guatemala, a fines de 2021, que continuaron el 30 de marzo de 2022 con la jornada dedicada a las herramientas para buscar una solución diplomática a la guerra en Ucrania (solo un mes después de la invasión rusa) y en junio del mismo año con el relativo a los acuerdos de 1992 en El Salvador. Dichos seminarios fueron: "Los Acuerdos de Paz en Colombia, cinco años después". (Madrid, 29 y 30 de noviembre de 2021); "Los Acuerdos de Paz en Guatemala, veinticinco años después". (Madrid, 13 de diciembre de 2021); "Ucrania: Solución negociada, seguridad compartida". (Madrid, 30 de marzo de 2022); "Los Acuerdos de Paz de El Salvador, treinta años después, en el marco de la Agenda 2030". (Madrid, 22 de junio de 2022)Presentación / Juan Daniel Oliva, Carlos R. Fernández Liesa (pp.12-14). -- Prólogo / Lilith Verstrynge Revuelta, (pp. 15-16). -- Primera parte: Los acuerdos de paz en Colombia, cinco años después (p. 18). -- Apertura / Juan Romo Uroz (pp. 18-20). -- [Apertura] / Ione Belarra (pp. 20-23). -- Hacer la paz es más difícil que hacer la guerra / Juan Manuel Santos Calderón (pp. 23-27). -- No hay un acuerdo de paz que tenga un calado de reformas como el colombiano / Josefina Echavarría Álvarez (pp. 28-34). -- Juramos que nuestra única arma sería la palabra / Rodrigo Londoño Echeverri (pp. 34-38). -- Tuvisteis que hacer frente a una coyuntura política dificilísima / José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (pp. 38-42). -- Segunda mesa: Balance, implementación y Agenda 2030 / Enrique Santiago (pp. 43-46). -- Solicito la apertura del macrocaso de la responsabilidad del Estado / Álvaro Leyva Durán (pp. 47-53). -- En Colombia existen más de cien mil desaparecidos / Luz Marina Monzón Cifuentes (pp. 54-61). -- No hay contradicción entre la búsqueda de la paz y la de la justicia / Yesid Reyes Alvarado (pp. 62-67). -- Logramos el primer acuerdo de paz con enfoque de género / Gloria Inés Ramírez (pp. 68-74). -- Segunda parte. Los Acuerdos de Paz en Guatemala, veinticinco años después (p. 75). -- Apertura / J. Daniel Oliva Martínez (pp. 75-76) , Enrique Santiago Romero (pp. 77-78). -- Guatemala es hoy un Estado capturado por mafias / José Manuel Martín Medem (pp. 78-81). -- Se firmó la paz, pero falta la construcción de una cultura de paz / Olinda Salguero (pp. 81-85). -- Guatemala se halla en el peor escenario en materia de derechos humanos desde 1986 / Velia Muralles (pp. 85-90). -- Las comisiones de la verdad registraron unas doscientas mil personas desaparecidas y ejecutadas / Erik de León (pp. 90-94). -- El problema fundamental era y es la marginación de los grupos indígenas y la pobreza extrema / Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo (pp. 94-102). -- Guatemala está peor que cuando firmamos la paz / Pablo Monsanto (pp. 103-109). -- Guatemala es un barril de pólvora con la mecha prendida / Ana Isabel Prera (pp. 109-115). -- Clausura / Ione Belarra (pp. 115-120). -- Tercera parte. Ucrania: Solución negociada, seguridad compartida (p. 121). Apertura / María Luisa González Cuéllar Serrano, Ione Belarra (pp. 122-125). -- Debemos trabajar para exponer las amenazas de esta guerra. Es necesario para sobrevivir / Noam Chomsky (pp. 125-132). -- Primera Mesa - La negociación como herramienta de resolución de conflictos / Santiago Jiménez Martín (p. 133). -- Trabajar por la paz acarrea incomprensiones y entraña riesgos / Yago Pico de Coaña (pp. 134-139). -- La Unión Europea debe volver a un papel de potencia pacífica / Gianni Labella (pp. 140-145). -- Las armas no nos salvarán / Carmen Magallón Portoles (pp. 145-149). -- Segunda mesa: Construcción de paz y seguridad compartida en Europa / Cástor Díaz Barrado (pp. 149-150). -- Un mundo sin armas nucleares es necesario y posible / Carlos Umaña (pp. 151-154). -- Pedimos una solución diplomática negociada / Mariela Kohon (pp. 155-159). -- Hay que avanzar hacia una arquitectura de seguridad europea basada en la seguridad compartida / Vicenç Fisas Armengol (pp. 159-162). -- Que la guerra en Ucrania no nos lleve a olvidar los otros conflictos armados, que también requieren nuestro apoyo / Mabel González Bustelo (pp. 163-168). -- Clausura / Carlos Fernández Liesa, Enrique Santiago (pp. 168-173). -- Cuarta parte. Los Acuerdos de Paz de El Salvador, treinta años después, en el marco de la Agenda 2030 (p. 174). -- Apertura / Montserrat Huguet Santos, Enrique Santiago (pp. 175-178). -- Hicimos la paz a través del diálogo político en medio de la guerra / Óscar Santamaría (pp. 178-182). -- Agradecemos el acompañamiento y la solidaridad de la comunidad internacional / Nidia Díaz (pp. 183-190). -- El proceso de paz no fue una confrontación ideológica / Álvaro de Soto (pp. 190-196). -- Fue el momento más importante desde la independencia nacional / Rubén Zamora (pp. 196-201). -- Segunda mesa: Los Acuerdos de Paz treinta años después: Balance, implementación y Agenda 2030 / Daniel Oliva (pp. 202-203). -- El presidente Bukele se burla de los acuerdos de paz / David Morales (pp. 203-209). -- Están en riesgo los derechos conquistados por las mujeres / Lorena Peña (pp. 209-212). -- Necesitamos una alianza en defensa de los derechos humanos / José María Tojeira (pp. 213-216). -- Tenemos que construir la unidad opositora para desplazar a esta dictadura de nuevo tipo / Maricela Ramírez (pp. 217-222). -- Clausura / Matilde Sánchez, Ione Belarra (pp. 222-224). -- Epílogo / Federico Mayor Zaragoza (pp. 225-228)

The Research Journey as a Challenge Towards New Trends

The academic community of the department of Risaralda, in its permanent interest in evidencing the results of the research processes that are carried out from the Higher Education Institutions and as a product of the VI meeting of researchers of the department of Risaralda held in November 2021 presents its work: “The journey of research as a challenge towards new trends”, which reflects the result of the latest research and advances in different lines of knowledge in Agricultural Sciences, Health Sciences, Social Sciences and Technology and Information Sciences, which seek to solve and meet the demands of the different sectors. This work would not have been possible without the help of each of the teachers, researchers and authors who presented their articles that make up each of the chapters of the book, to them our gratitude for their commitment, dedication and commitment, since their sole purpose is to contribute from the academy and science to scientific and technological development in the search for the solution of problems and thus contribute to transform the reality of our society and communities. We also wish to extend our gratitude to the institutions of the Network that made this publication possible: UTP, UCP, UNAD, UNIREMINGTON; UNISARC, CIAF, Universidad Libre, Uniclaretiana, Fundación Universitaria Comfamiliar and UNIMINUTO, institutions that in one way or another allowed this work to become a reality, which we hope will be of interest to you.Preface............................................................................................................................7 Chapter 1. Technologies and Engineering Towards a humanization in Engineering using soft skills in training in Engineers.............................................................................................................11 Omar Iván Trejos Buriticá1, Luis Eduardo Muñoz Guerrero Innovative materials in construction: review from a bibliometric analysis....................................................................................................................27 Cristian Osorio Gómez, Daniel Aristizábal Torres, Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Cristhian Camilo Amariles López Bibliometric review of disaster risk management: progress, trends, and challenges.........................................................................................................51 Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Gloria Milena Molina Vinasco. Incidence of land coverage and geology, in the unstability of lands of the micro-basin of the Combia creek, Pereira, Risaralda....................................73 Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Daniel Aristizábal Torres. Chapter 2. Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences Training experience with teachers teaching mathematics using the inquiry methodology ...............................................................................................95 Vivian Libeth Uzuriaga López, Héctor Gerardo Sánchez Bedoya. Interpretation of the multiple representations of the fears associated to the boarding of limited visual patients in the elective I students’ written productions and low vision ...................................................................................113 Eliana Bermúdez Cardona, Ana María Agudelo Guevara, Caterine Villamarín Acosta. The relevance of local knowledge in social sciences............................................131 Alberto Antonio Berón Ospina, Isabel Cristina Castillo Quintero. Basic education students’ conceptions of conflict a view from the peace for the education....................................................................................................143 Astrid Milena Calderón Cárdenas,Carolina Aguirre Arias, Carolina Franco Ossa, Martha Cecilia Gutiérrez Giraldo, Orfa Buitrago. Comprehensive risk prevention in educational settings: an interdisciplinary and socio-educational approach ............................................................................163 Olga María Henao Trujillo, Claudia María López Ortiz. Chapter 3. Natural and Agricultural Sciences Physicochemical characterization of three substrates used in the deep bedding system in swine .......................................................................................175 Juan Manuel Sánchez Rubio, Andrés Felipe Arias Roldan, Jesús Arturo Rincón Sanz, Jaime Andrés Betancourt Vásquez. Periodic solutions in AFM models........................................................................187 Daniel Cortés Zapata, Alexander Gutiérrez Gutiérrez. Phenology in flower and fruit of Rubus glaucus benth. Cv. Thornless in Risaralda: elements for phytosanitary management .........................................199 Shirley Palacios Castro, Andrés Alfonso Patiño Martínez, James Montoya Lerma, Ricardo Flórez, Harry Josué Pérez. Socio-economic and technical characterization of the cultivation of avocado (Persea americana) in Risaralda..............................................................217 Andrés Alfonso Patiño Martínez, Kelly Saudith Castañez Poveda, Eliana Gómez Correa. Biosecurity management in backyard systems in Santa Rosa de Cabal, Risaralda................................................................................................................227 Julia Victoria Arredondo Botero, Jaiver Estiben Ocampo Jaramillo, Juan Sebastián Mera Vallejo, Álvaro de Jesús Aranzazu Hernández. CONTENTS Physical-chemical diagnosis of soils in hillside areas with predominance of Lulo CV. La Selva production system in the department of Risaralda.............241 Adriana Patricia Restrepo Gallón, María Paula Landinez Montes, Jimena Tobón López. Digestibility of three concentrates used in canine feeding....................................271 María Fernanda Mejía Silva, Valentina Noreña Sánchez, Gastón Adolfo Castaño Jiménez. Chapter 4. Economic, Administrative, and Accounting Sciences Financial inclusion in households from socioeconomic strata 1 and 2 in the city of Pereira ..................................................................................................285 Lindy Neth Perea Mosquera, Marlen Isabel Redondo Ramírez, Angélica Viviana Morales. Internal marketing strategies as a competitive advantage for the company Mobilautos SAS de Dosquebradas........................................................................303 Inés Montoya Sánchez, Sandra Patricia Viana Bolaños, Ana María Barrera Rodríguez. Uses of tourist marketing in the tourist sector of the municipality of Belén de Umbría, Risaralda.............................................................................................319 Ana María Barrera Rodríguez, Paola Andrea Echeverri Gutiérrez, María Camila Parra Buitrago, Paola Andrea Martín Muñoz, Angy Paola Ángel Vélez, Luisa Natalia Trejos Ospina. Territorial prospective of Risaralda department (Colombia), based on the SDGS...............................................................................................................333 Juan Guillermo Gil García, Samanta Londoño Velásquez. Chapter 5. Health and Sports Sciences Performance evaluation in times of pandemic. What do medical students think?.......................................................................................................353 Samuel Eduardo Trujillo Henao, Rodolfo A. Cabrales Vega, Germán Alberto Moreno Gómez. The relevance of the therapist’s self and self-reference in the training of psychologists.....................................................................................................371 Maria Paula Marmolejo Lozano, Mireya Ospina Botero. Habits related to oral health which influence lifestyle of elder people in a wellness center for the elderly in Pereira 2020. .............................................387 Isadora Blanco Pérez, Olga Patricia Ramírez Rodríguez, Ángela María Rincón Hurtado. Analysis of the suicide trend in the Coffee Region in Colombia during the years 2012-2018 ..............................................................................................405 Germán Alberto Moreno Gómez, Jennifer Nessim Salazar, Jairo Franco Londoño, Juan Carlos Medina Osorio. Hind limb long bone fractures in canines and felines...........................................419 María Camila Cruz Vélez, Valentina Herrera Morales, Alba Nydia Restrepo Jiménez, Lina Marcela Palomino, Gabriel Rodolfo Izquierdo Bravo. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children in the rural and urban area of Risaralda....................................................................................................439 Angela María Álvarez López, Angela Liceth Pérez Rendón, Alejandro Gómez Rodas, Luis Enrique Isaza Velásquez. Chapter 6. Architecture, Design and Advertising The artisan crafts of Risaralda, characteristics, importance, and risks within the Colombian Coffee Cultural Landscape, CCCL....................................457 Yaffa Nahir Ivette Gómez Barrera, Javier Alfonso López Morales

Effectiveness of an intervention for improving drug prescription in primary care patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy:Study protocol of a cluster randomized clinical trial (Multi-PAP project)

This study was funded by the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias ISCIII (Grant Numbers PI15/00276, PI15/00572, PI15/00996), REDISSEC (Project Numbers RD12/0001/0012, RD16/0001/0005), and the European Regional Development Fund ("A way to build Europe").Background: Multimorbidity is associated with negative effects both on people's health and on healthcare systems. A key problem linked to multimorbidity is polypharmacy, which in turn is associated with increased risk of partly preventable adverse effects, including mortality. The Ariadne principles describe a model of care based on a thorough assessment of diseases, treatments (and potential interactions), clinical status, context and preferences of patients with multimorbidity, with the aim of prioritizing and sharing realistic treatment goals that guide an individualized management. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a complex intervention that implements the Ariadne principles in a population of young-old patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy. The intervention seeks to improve the appropriateness of prescribing in primary care (PC), as measured by the medication appropriateness index (MAI) score at 6 and 12months, as compared with usual care. Methods/Design: Design:pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial. Unit of randomization: family physician (FP). Unit of analysis: patient. Scope: PC health centres in three autonomous communities: Aragon, Madrid, and Andalusia (Spain). Population: patients aged 65-74years with multimorbidity (≥3 chronic diseases) and polypharmacy (≥5 drugs prescribed in ≥3months). Sample size: n=400 (200 per study arm). Intervention: complex intervention based on the implementation of the Ariadne principles with two components: (1) FP training and (2) FP-patient interview. Outcomes: MAI score, health services use, quality of life (Euroqol 5D-5L), pharmacotherapy and adherence to treatment (Morisky-Green, Haynes-Sackett), and clinical and socio-demographic variables. Statistical analysis: primary outcome is the difference in MAI score between T0 and T1 and corresponding 95% confidence interval. Adjustment for confounding factors will be performed by multilevel analysis. All analyses will be carried out in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: It is essential to provide evidence concerning interventions on PC patients with polypharmacy and multimorbidity, conducted in the context of routine clinical practice, and involving young-old patients with significant potential for preventing negative health outcomes. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02866799Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

State of the climate in 2018

In 2018, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—continued their increase. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth’s surface was 407.4 ± 0.1 ppm, the highest in the modern instrumental record and in ice core records dating back 800 000 years. Combined, greenhouse gases and several halogenated gases contribute just over 3 W m−2 to radiative forcing and represent a nearly 43% increase since 1990. Carbon dioxide is responsible for about 65% of this radiative forcing. With a weak La Niña in early 2018 transitioning to a weak El Niño by the year’s end, the global surface (land and ocean) temperature was the fourth highest on record, with only 2015 through 2017 being warmer. Several European countries reported record high annual temperatures. There were also more high, and fewer low, temperature extremes than in nearly all of the 68-year extremes record. Madagascar recorded a record daily temperature of 40.5°C in Morondava in March, while South Korea set its record high of 41.0°C in August in Hongcheon. Nawabshah, Pakistan, recorded its highest temperature of 50.2°C, which may be a new daily world record for April. Globally, the annual lower troposphere temperature was third to seventh highest, depending on the dataset analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was approximately fifth lowest. The 2018 Arctic land surface temperature was 1.2°C above the 1981–2010 average, tying for third highest in the 118-year record, following 2016 and 2017. June’s Arctic snow cover extent was almost half of what it was 35 years ago. Across Greenland, however, regional summer temperatures were generally below or near average. Additionally, a satellite survey of 47 glaciers in Greenland indicated a net increase in area for the first time since records began in 1999. Increasing permafrost temperatures were reported at most observation sites in the Arctic, with the overall increase of 0.1°–0.2°C between 2017 and 2018 being comparable to the highest rate of warming ever observed in the region. On 17 March, Arctic sea ice extent marked the second smallest annual maximum in the 38-year record, larger than only 2017. The minimum extent in 2018 was reached on 19 September and again on 23 September, tying 2008 and 2010 for the sixth lowest extent on record. The 23 September date tied 1997 as the latest sea ice minimum date on record. First-year ice now dominates the ice cover, comprising 77% of the March 2018 ice pack compared to 55% during the 1980s. Because thinner, younger ice is more vulnerable to melting out in summer, this shift in sea ice age has contributed to the decreasing trend in minimum ice extent. Regionally, Bering Sea ice extent was at record lows for almost the entire 2017/18 ice season. For the Antarctic continent as a whole, 2018 was warmer than average. On the highest points of the Antarctic Plateau, the automatic weather station Relay (74°S) broke or tied six monthly temperature records throughout the year, with August breaking its record by nearly 8°C. However, cool conditions in the western Bellingshausen Sea and Amundsen Sea sector contributed to a low melt season overall for 2017/18. High SSTs contributed to low summer sea ice extent in the Ross and Weddell Seas in 2018, underpinning the second lowest Antarctic summer minimum sea ice extent on record. Despite conducive conditions for its formation, the ozone hole at its maximum extent in September was near the 2000–18 mean, likely due to an ongoing slow decline in stratospheric chlorine monoxide concentration. Across the oceans, globally averaged SST decreased slightly since the record El Niño year of 2016 but was still far above the climatological mean. On average, SST is increasing at a rate of 0.10° ± 0.01°C decade−1 since 1950. The warming appeared largest in the tropical Indian Ocean and smallest in the North Pacific. The deeper ocean continues to warm year after year. For the seventh consecutive year, global annual mean sea level became the highest in the 26-year record, rising to 81 mm above the 1993 average. As anticipated in a warming climate, the hydrological cycle over the ocean is accelerating: dry regions are becoming drier and wet regions rainier. Closer to the equator, 95 named tropical storms were observed during 2018, well above the 1981–2010 average of 82. Eleven tropical cyclones reached Saffir–Simpson scale Category 5 intensity. North Atlantic Major Hurricane Michael’s landfall intensity of 140 kt was the fourth strongest for any continental U.S. hurricane landfall in the 168-year record. Michael caused more than 30 fatalities and $25 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages. In the western North Pacific, Super Typhoon Mangkhut led to 160 fatalities and$6 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages across the Philippines, Hong Kong, Macau, mainland China, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Tropical Storm Son-Tinh was responsible for 170 fatalities in Vietnam and Laos. Nearly all the islands of Micronesia experienced at least moderate impacts from various tropical cyclones. Across land, many areas around the globe received copious precipitation, notable at different time scales. Rodrigues and Réunion Island near southern Africa each reported their third wettest year on record. In Hawaii, 1262 mm precipitation at Waipā Gardens (Kauai) on 14–15 April set a new U.S. record for 24-h precipitation. In Brazil, the city of Belo Horizonte received nearly 75 mm of rain in just 20 minutes, nearly half its monthly average. Globally, fire activity during 2018 was the lowest since the start of the record in 1997, with a combined burned area of about 500 million hectares. This reinforced the long-term downward trend in fire emissions driven by changes in land use in frequently burning savannas. However, wildfires burned 3.5 million hectares across the United States, well above the 2000–10 average of 2.7 million hectares. Combined, U.S. wildfire damages for the 2017 and 2018 wildfire seasons exceeded $40 billion (U.S. dollars)

XVI International Congress of Control Electronics and Telecommunications: "Techno-scientific considerations for a post-pandemic world intensive in knowledge, innovation and sustainable local development"

Este título, sugestivo por los impactos durante la situación de la Covid 19 en el mundo, y que en Colombia lastimosamente han sido muy críticos, permiten asumir la obligada superación de tensiones sociales, políticas, y económicas; pero sobre todo científicas y tecnológicas. Inicialmente, esto supone la existencia de una capacidad de la sociedad colombiana por recuperar su estado inicial después de que haya cesado la perturbación a la que fue sometida por la catastrófica pandemia, y superar ese anterior estado de cosas ya que se encontraban -y aún se encuentran- muchos problemas locales mal resueltos, medianamente resueltos, y muchos sin resolver: es decir, habrá que rediseñar y fortalecer una probada resiliencia social existente - producto del prolongado conflicto social colombiano superado parcialmente por un proceso de paz exitoso - desde la tecnociencia local; como lo indicaba Markus Brunnermeier - economista alemán y catedrático de economía de la Universidad de Princeton- en su libro The Resilient Society…La cuestión no es preveerlo todo sino poder reaccionar…aprender a recuperarse rápido.This title, suggestive of the impacts during the Covid 19 situation in the world, and which have unfortunately been very critical in Colombia, allows us to assume the obligatory overcoming of social, political, and economic tensions; but above all scientific and technological. Initially, this supposes the existence of a capacity of Colombian society to recover its initial state after the disturbance to which it was subjected by the catastrophic pandemic has ceased, and to overcome that previous state of affairs since it was found -and still is find - many local problems poorly resolved, moderately resolved, and many unresolved: that is, an existing social resilience test will have to be redesigned and strengthened - product of the prolonged Colombian social conflict partially overcome by a successful peace process - from local technoscience; As Markus Brunnermeier - German economist and professor of economics at Princeton University - indicates in his book The Resilient Society...The question is not to foresee everything but to be able to react...learn to recover quickly.Bogot