Diversidade genética estimada com marcadores ISSR em populações brasileiras de Zabrotes subfasciatus

The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic diversity of populations of Zabrotes subfasciatus through ISSR molecular markers. Twelve populations from eight Brazilian states were sampled in the total of 269 individuals. Five ISSR primers were used and a total of 51 polymorphic bands were obtained. The percentage of polymorphism within population averaged 83.8%. Nei's unbiased expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.23 to 0.33, with an average of 0.29, and the Shannon & Weaver's index of gene diversity varied from 0.29 to 0.48, with an average of 0.42. At species level, these two indexes were 0.36 and 0.54, respectively. The analysis of molecular variance showed that 66% of the total molecular variance can be attributed to differences within population, while 34% was apportioned among populations. Mantel's test showed a low correlation between: geographic distance and genetic differentiation, genetic identity and genetic differentiation, and Nei's genetic distance and genetic differentiation. The genetic differentiation in Brazilian populations of Z. subfasciatus is low and geographic structuring is weak.O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a diversidade genética de populações de Zabrotes subfasciatus, por meio de marcadores moleculares ISSR. Foram avaliadas 12 populações, provenientes de oito estados brasileiros, no total de 269 indivíduos. Cinco iniciadores ISSR permitiram a obtenção do total de 51 fragmentos polimórficos. A percentagem média de locos polimórficos, dentro de cada população, foi de 83,8%. A heterozigosidade corrigida de Nei esperada variou de 0,23 a 0,33, com média de 0,29, e o índice de diversidade genética de Shannon e Weaver variou de 0,29 a 0,48, com média de 0,42. No nível de espécie, estes dois índices apresentaram valores de 0,36 e 0,54, respectivamente. A análise de variância molecular mostrou que 66% da variância molecular total pode ser atribuída a diferenças intrapopulacionais e que os 34% restantes podem ser atribuídos a diferenças interpopulacionais. O teste de Mantel mostrou baixa correlação entre: distância geográfica e diferenciação genética, identidade genética e diferenciação genética e, distância genética de Nei e diferenciação genética. As populações brasileiras de Z. subfasciatus possuem baixa diferenciação genética e fraca estruturação geográfica

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. METHODS: We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. FINDINGS: The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. INTERPRETATION: Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. FUNDING: WHO

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. Copyright (C) 2021 World Health Organization; licensee Elsevier

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Genetic diversity of Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) evaluated by using ISSR markers

Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), espécie originária provavelmente na América Central, se tornou uma praga agrícola quando se estabeleceu e passou a se reproduzir continuamente em sementes armazenadas, difundindo-se posteriormente pelas regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Em armazéns, esses insetos causam danos aos grãos, perfurando-os e conferindo-lhes sabor desagradável, depreciando o seu valor comercial. Nas sementes, a praga consome as reservas dos cotilédones, comprometendo a germinação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a diversidade genética de populações de Z. subfasciatus por meio de marcadores moleculares ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat). Foram avaliadas 12 populações de Z. subfasciatus, amostradas em oito estados brasileiros, totalizando 269 indivíduos. Cinco primers ISSR foram utilizados (UBC 807, UBC 808, UBC 809, UBC 811, UBC 891), sendo amplificadas um total de 51 bandas polimórficas com média de 10 bandas por primer. A porcentagem de polimorfismo dentro de cada população variou de 74,51 a 92,16, com porcentagem média de 83,82. A heterozigosidade esperada corrigida de Nei (HE), variou de 0,2253 a 0,3281, com média de 0,2885 e o índice de diversidade genética de de Shannon e Weaver (I) variou de 0,2908 a 0,4805, com média de 0,4167. Em nível de espécie, estes dois índices apresentaram valores de 0,3636 e 0,5393 respectivamente. Os valores de FST entre pares de populações obtidos pela análise de variância molecular (AMOVA) variaram de 0,06804 a 0,6165. A distância genética de Nei (1978), usada para estimar a divergência genética entre populações, variou de 0,0563 a 0,3250. A AMOVA permitiu uma partição da variação genética em dois níveis: dentro de populações e entre populações. Foi observada maior variação genética dentro da população, com 66% da variação total. Apenas 34% da variação genética foi observada entre populações. O teste de Mantel revelou baixa correlação entre distância geográfica e FST, identidade genética e FST e entre distância genética de Nei e FST. Pode-se concluir que a variabilidade genética da espécie ainda é considerada baixa no Brasil, provavelmente devido à introdução recente da praga. As populações de Zabrotes subfasciatus avaliadas não se apresentam geograficamente estruturadas no Brasil.The Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) is a species probably originated from Central America. It became an agricultural pest since it was established and continually began to reproduce in stored seeds and later diffused throughout tropical and subtropical regions. In stores, those insects cause damages to the grains, by boring them and giving them an unpleasant flavor, therefore depreciating their commercial value. In seeds, the pest consumes the reserves of the cotyledons, therefore endangering germination. This study was conducted to estimate the genetic diversity in Z. subfasciatus populations, by using the molecular markers ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat). Twelve populations of Z. subfasciatus amostradas were sampled in eight Brazilian states as totaling 269 individuals, then they were evaluate. Five primers ISSR (UBC 807, UBC 808, UBC 809, UBC 811, UBC 891) were used, whereas a total of 51 polymorphic bands averaging 10 bands by each primer were amplified. The percent polymorphism within each population ranged from 74.51 to 92.16, with an average percentage of 83.82. The expected heterozygozite corrected by Nei in 1978 ranged from 0.2253 to 0.;3281 with some 0.2885 average, whereas the genetic diversity index by Shannon and Weaver (HE) ranged from 0.2908 to 0.4805, as averaging 0.4167. At species level, those two indexes showed the values 0.3636 and 0.5393 respectively. The FST values between the population pairs obtained by molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) ranged from 0.06804 to 0.6165. The genetic distance by Nei used in estimation of the genetic divergence among populations ranged from 0.0563 to 0.3250. The AMOVA allowed for the partition of the genetic variation into two levels: either inside and among populations. Higher genetic variation was observed inside population, with 66% of the total variation. Only 34% genetic variation were observed among populations. The Mantel` test showed low correlation between geographical distance and FST, genetic identity and FST, and between the Nei´genetic distance and FST. According to the results, the following conclusions were drawn: the genetic variability of the species is still considered as low in Brazil, probably due to the recent introduction of the pest; and those Zabrotes subfasciatus populations showed to be not geographically structured in Brazil.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

Silage production potential of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] hybrids from a diallel cross

Avaliou-se o potencial de produção de forragem e silagem de cinco cultivares de soja (Sambaíba, Luziânia, Tucunaré, UFV 16 e UFVS 2003) e suas 20 progênies F3 (10 híbridos e 10 híbridos recíprocos), obtidos do cruzamento em dialelo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com três repetições. A soja foi ensilada no estádio R6, por 60 dias, em silos experimentais constituídos de sacos plásticos hermeticamente vedados a vácuo. Foram feitas determinações da matéria seca; proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, extrato etéreo, carboidratos solúveis, pH, nitrogênio amoniacal em porcentagem de nitrogênio total, teor de ácidos orgânicos em amostras das forragens e das silagens de soja, além da determinação da altura de plantas no estádio R6 e produtividade de matéria seca por hectare. As variáveis foram submetidas às análises de variância dialélica e de correlação. As forragens e silagens avaliadas apresentaram composição bromatológica e perfil fermentativo satisfatórios. Assim, infere-se que é possível a obtenção de cultivares de soja que apresentem boa qualidade de forragem e de silagem, viabilizando o seu uso como planta forrageira. É possível selecionar cultivares e cruzamentos específicos para o melhoramento da produção e da qualidade da forragem e da silagem, bem como o emprego da seleção indireta de determinados caracteres.Forage and silage production potential of five soybean cultivars (Sambaíba, Luziânia, Tucunaré, UFV 16 and UFVS 2003) and their 20 F3 hybrid progenies (10 hybrids and 10 reciprocal hybrids), obtained by a complete diallel cross were evaluated. The experimental design was a complete block with three replications. The soybean plants were harvested and ensiled at the R6 stage for 60 days, in plastic bag experimental silos hermetically vaccum sealed. Samples of forage and silage were analysed for dry matter; crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ether extract, soluble carbohydrates, pH, ammonia nitrogen in percentage of total nitrogen and organic acids. Plant height at the R6 stage and yield of dry matter per hectare were also evaluated. The variables were subjected to analysis of variance and to diallel and correlation analyses. The forage and silage presented satisfactory bromatological composition and fermentative profile. Therefore, it is possible to obtain soybean cultivars which presents good quality forage and silage, enabling the use of soybean as fodder crop. It is possible to select progenitors and crosses specific for the breeding for the forage and silage production and quality. It is possible to use the indirect selection method for some traits.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

Diversidade genética estimada com marcadores ISSR em populações brasileiras de Zabrotes subfasciatus

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a diversidade genética de populações de Zabrotes subfasciatus, por meio de marcadores moleculares ISSR. Foram avaliadas 12 populações, provenientes de oito estados brasileiros, no total de 269 indivíduos. Cinco iniciadores ISSR permitiram a obtenção do total de 51 fragmentos polimórficos. A percentagem média de locos polimórficos, dentro de cada população, foi de 83,8%. A heterozigosidade corrigida de Nei esperada variou de 0,23 a 0,33, com média de 0,29, e o índice de diversidade genética de Shannon e Weaver variou de 0,29 a 0,48, com média de 0,42. No nível de espécie, estes dois índices apresentaram valores de 0,36 e 0,54, respectivamente. A análise de variância molecular mostrou que 66% da variância molecular total pode ser atribuída a diferenças intrapopulacionais e que os 34% restantes podem ser atribuídos a diferenças interpopulacionais. O teste de Mantel mostrou baixa correlação entre: distância geográfica e diferenciação genética, identidade genética e diferenciação genética e, distância genética de Nei e diferenciação genética. As populações brasileiras de Z. subfasciatus possuem baixa diferenciação genética e fraca estruturação geográfica.The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic diversity of populations of Zabrotes subfasciatus through ISSR molecular markers. Twelve populations from eight Brazilian states were sampled in the total of 269 individuals. Five ISSR primers were used and a total of 51 polymorphic bands were obtained. The percentage of polymorphism within population averaged 83.8%. Nei’s unbiased expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.23 to 0.33, with an average of 0.29, and the Shannon & Weaver’s index of gene diversity varied from 0.29 to 0.48, with an average of 0.42. At species level, these two indexes were 0.36 and 0.54, respectively. The analysis of molecular variance showed that 66% of the total molecular variance can be attributed to differences within population, while 34% was apportioned among populations. Mantel’s test showed a low correlation between: geographic distance and genetic differentiation, genetic identity and genetic differentiation, and Nei’s genetic distance and genetic differentiation. The genetic differentiation in Brazilian populations of Z. subfasciatus is low and geographic structuring is weak

Mesoamerican origin and pre- and post-columbian expansions of the ranges of Acanthoscelides obtectus say, a cosmopolitan insect pest of the common bean.

An unprecedented global transfer of agricultural resources followed the discovery of the New World; one consequence of this process was that staple food plants of Neotropical origin, such as the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), soon expanded their ranges overseas. Yet many pests and diseases were also transported. Acanthoscelides obtectus is a cosmopolitan seed predator associated with P. vulgaris. Codispersal within the host seed seems to be an important determinant of the ability of A. obtectus to expand its range over long distances. We examined the phylogeographic structure of A. obtectus by (a) sampling three mitochondrial gene sequences (12s rRNA, 16s rRNA, and the gene that encodes cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)) throughout most of the species' range and (b) exploring its late evolutionary history. Our findings indicate a Mesoamerican origin for the current genealogical lineages of A. obtectus. Each of the two major centers of genetic diversity of P. vulgaris (the Andes and Mesoamerica) contains a highly differentiated lineage of the bean beetle. Brazil has two additional, closely related lineages, both of which predate the Andean lineage and have the Mesoamerican lineage as their ancestor. The cosmopolitan distribution of A. obtectus has resulted from recent expansions of the two Brazilian lineages. We present additional evidence for both pre-Columbian and post-Columbian range expansions as likely events that shaped the current distribution of A. obtectus worldwide