Les relations entre la France et le Canada à la fin du XIXe siècle : la revue Paris-Canada (1884-1909)

En 1882, le gouvernement Macdonald décide de créer à Paris, sur l'initiative de la province de Québec, un commissariat chargé de s'occuper des intérêts du Dominion du Canada en France. Dépourvu de reconnaissance officielle, le commissaire canadien à Paris devait encourager le commerce et le recrutement d'émigrants français.Le poste fut confié à Hector Fabre, sénateur et journaliste propriétaire de L'Événement. Pendant 28 ans celui-ci s'occupe à la fois des intérêts de la province de Québec et du Dominion en France. Son action à Paris se situe quelque part entre les relations publiques et la propagande. En 1884, il fonde la revue Paris-Canada. Organe officiel du commissariat canadien, mais également revue des Canadiens à Paris, Paris-Canada constitue une véritable chronique du rapprochement entre la France et le Canada à la fin du XIXe siècle. La revue porte sur l'immigration, la colonisation et le potentiel économique du Canada. Elle informe sur les questions qui touchent les relations franco-canadiennes comme la création d'une ligne de navigation directe et la négociation de traités de commerce. On n'hésite pas à justifier le rapprochement économique par des appels aux sentiments et à la solidarité culturelle des français. La diversité des sujets traités par la revue montre également que les Canadiens recherchent une forme de reconnaissance culturelle de la part de la France. Paris-Canada publie des extraits et de nombreux comptes rendus d'oeuvres littéraires. Elle consacre des articles aux visites d'hommes politiques canadiens en France, publie des résumés des fêtes franco-canadiennes et informe sur les diverses activités des Canadiens installés dans la capitale française. Surtout, elle permet de donner un point de vue canadien sur l'actualité politique du Dominion. Par ses éditoriaux, Hector Fabre, explique au public français les subtilités du lien colonial et donne son avis sur l'avenir de la nation canadienne. En somme, Paris Canada, revue française d'une population d'origine française vivant dans une colonie britannique, est à l'image des relations qui existent entre le Dominion et la France à la fin du XIXe siècle. Relations qui tiennent davantage du lien affectif que des intérêts économiques partagés. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Relations internationales, Hector Fabre, Paris, Canada, France Canada, Commerce, Immigration, Culture, XIXe siècle

Crétin, Snob et Chic type : figures de l’étudiant dans le journal Brébeuf

RésuméFondé dès février 1934, seulement six années après l’ouverture du collège, le journal Brébeuf a pour mission, selon sa devise, d’être l’« organe officiel des étudiants du collège Brébeuf ». La lecture du journal Brébeuf permet de connaître les idées, les goûts et, surtout, la perception d’eux-mêmes des collégiens issus de l’élite urbaine canadienne-française éduquée par les Jésuites. Elle permet également de faire ressortir l’in uence déterminante qu’a exercée le père Rodolphe Dubé, alias François Hertel, sur cette jeunesse instruite. C’est cette représentation de l’étudiant idéal du cours classique que nous allons étudier ici à travers trois types récurrents et intimement liés : le crétin, le snob et le chic type. Objets de vives querelles et de débats animés dès le premier numéro du journal, ces trois types incarnent à la fois les repoussoirs, les inquiétudes et les idéaux de la jeunesse du collège Brébeuf. Des gures d’étudiants peuvent sans doute être trouvées dans d’autres journaux de collèges. Leur étude permettrait de mieux saisir l’identité, ce que l’on nomme alors « l’esprit du collège », qui a animé les différents établissements classiques et marqué plusieurs de leurs pensionnaires. AbstractBrébeuf, the student newspaper of the Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf, was founded in 1934, six years after the opening of the college, and according to its motto, was to be the “offcial organ of the students of Collège Brébeuf.” Reading Brébeuf allows one to be aware of the ideas, the tastes, and particularly the self-perception of students who belonged to the French-Canadian urban social elite, educated by the Jesuit fathers. It also shows the determining influence exercised by Father Rodolphe Dubé, alias François Hertel, on educated youth. This paper will analyze representations of the idealized student of the classical curriculum via three recurring, linked case studies: the cretin, the snob and the chic type. These three case studies, hotly debated within the pages of Brébeuf from the first issue onward, embody the worries, the ideals and the foils of Brébeuf students. Other case studies can doubtless be found in student publications from classical colleges across Quebec. A comparative study allows us to capture what makes up the identity and the spirit of those establishments

Genome-wide transcriptional response of an avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) pst mutant

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Avian pathogenic <it>E</it>. <it>coli </it>(APEC) are associated with extraintestinal diseases in poultry. The <it>pstSCAB</it>-<it>phoU </it>operon belongs to the Pho regulon and encodes the phosphate specific transport (Pst) system. A functional Pst system is required for full virulence in APEC and other bacteria and contributes to resistance of APEC to serum, to cationic antimicrobial peptides and acid shock. The global mechanisms contributing to the attenuation and decreased resistance of the APEC <it>pst </it>mutant to environmental stresses have not been investigated at the transcriptional level. To determine the global effect of a <it>pst </it>mutation on gene expression, we compared the transcriptomes of APEC strain χ7122 and its isogenic <it>pst </it>mutant (K3) grown in phosphate-rich medium.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Overall, 470 genes were differentially expressed by at least 1.5-fold. Interestingly, the <it>pst </it>mutant not only induced systems involved in phosphate acquisition and metabolism, despite phosphate availability, but also modulated stress response mechanisms. Indeed, transcriptional changes in genes associated with the general stress responses, including the oxidative stress response were among the major differences observed. Accordingly, the K3 strain was less resistant to reactive oxygen species (ROS) than the wild-type strain. In addition, the <it>pst </it>mutant demonstrated reduced expression of genes involved in lipopolysaccharide modifications and coding for cell surface components such as type 1 and F9 fimbriae. Phenotypic tests also established that the <it>pst </it>mutant was impaired in its capacity to produce type 1 fimbriae, as demonstrated by western blotting and agglutination of yeast cells, when compared to wild-type APEC strain χ7122.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Overall, our data elucidated the effects of a <it>pst </it>mutation on the transcriptional response, and further support the role of the Pho regulon as part of a complex network contributing to phosphate homeostasis, adaptive stress responses, and <it>E. coli </it>virulence.</p

Phage-Induced Expression of CRISPR-Associated Proteins Is Revealed by Shotgun Proteomics in Streptococcus thermophilus

The CRISPR/Cas system, comprised of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats along with their associated (Cas) proteins, protects bacteria and archaea from viral predation and invading nucleic acids. While the mechanism of action for this acquired immunity is currently under investigation, the response of Cas protein expression to phage infection has yet to be elucidated. In this study, we employed shotgun proteomics to measure the global proteome expression in a model system for studying the CRISPR/Cas response in S. thermophilus DGCC7710 infected with phage 2972. Host and viral proteins were simultaneously measured following inoculation at two different multiplicities of infection and across various time points using two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Thirty-seven out of forty predicted viral proteins were detected, including all proteins of the structural virome and viral effector proteins. In total, 1,013 of 2,079 predicted S. thermophilus proteins were detected, facilitating the monitoring of host protein synthesis changes in response to virus infection. Importantly, Cas proteins from all four CRISPR loci in the S. thermophilus DGCC7710 genome were detected, including loci previously thought to be inactive. Many Cas proteins were found to be constitutively expressed, but several demonstrated increased abundance following infection, including the signature Cas9 proteins from the CRISPR1 and CRISPR3 loci, which are key players in the interference phase of the CRISPR/Cas response. Altogether, these results provide novel insights into the proteomic response of S. thermophilus, specifically CRISPR-associated proteins, upon phage 2972 infection

From Sea to Sea: Canada's Three Oceans of Biodiversity

Evaluating and understanding biodiversity in marine ecosystems are both necessary and challenging for conservation. This paper compiles and summarizes current knowledge of the diversity of marine taxa in Canada's three oceans while recognizing that this compilation is incomplete and will change in the future. That Canada has the longest coastline in the world and incorporates distinctly different biogeographic provinces and ecoregions (e.g., temperate through ice-covered areas) constrains this analysis. The taxonomic groups presented here include microbes, phytoplankton, macroalgae, zooplankton, benthic infauna, fishes, and marine mammals. The minimum number of species or taxa compiled here is 15,988 for the three Canadian oceans. However, this number clearly underestimates in several ways the total number of taxa present. First, there are significant gaps in the published literature. Second, the diversity of many habitats has not been compiled for all taxonomic groups (e.g., intertidal rocky shores, deep sea), and data compilations are based on short-term, directed research programs or longer-term monitoring activities with limited spatial resolution. Third, the biodiversity of large organisms is well known, but this is not true of smaller organisms. Finally, the greatest constraint on this summary is the willingness and capacity of those who collected the data to make it available to those interested in biodiversity meta-analyses. Confirmation of identities and intercomparison of studies are also constrained by the disturbing rate of decline in the number of taxonomists and systematists specializing on marine taxa in Canada. This decline is mostly the result of retirements of current specialists and to a lack of training and employment opportunities for new ones. Considering the difficulties encountered in compiling an overview of biogeographic data and the diversity of species or taxa in Canada's three oceans, this synthesis is intended to serve as a biodiversity baseline for a new program on marine biodiversity, the Canadian Healthy Ocean Network. A major effort needs to be undertaken to establish a complete baseline of Canadian marine biodiversity of all taxonomic groups, especially if we are to understand and conserve this part of Canada's natural heritage