A Sense of Purpose: Ottawa Students and the Second World War

The outbreak of war in September 1939 altered the lives of Canadian high school students. A study of two Ottawa schools, Lisgar Collegiate and Glebe Collegiate, reveals the extent to which students, too young to enlist and yet old enough to grasp the severity of the war, were affected by world events. Despite the anxiety and hardships brought about by war, young people growing up during the Second World War took on serious responsibilities and acquired a remarkable sense of purpose

Les carrières canadiennes de Raoul Blanchard et Pierre Deffontaines

Entre 1924 et 1967, ils se sont fait connaître par des voyages, recherches, publications et enseignements en géographie. Entre les deux maîtres, au-delà des analogies faciles, une « différentialité » profonde s'établit et ne s'explique pas par l'âge; elle s'enracine dans la géographie métropolitaine. Alors que l'un file droit au doctorat, l'autre passe par l'ethnologie et l'action sociale. Le premier s'installe à Grenoble et de là va en Amérique du Nord ; l'autre, tantôt fixé en France, tantôt en Espagne, rejoint l'Amérique du Sud ou le Québec et fonde des institutions. Tous deux font de la géographie humaine, l'un à l'intérieur d'un cadre mésorégional, l'autre dans des matières-près-de-l'homme. Au Canada, leur rencontre n'était pas voulue ; ils se sont gênés mais une paix obligée sera à leur honneur. La géographie française ne faisait pas équipe; elle était plutôt bicéphale. Cette conjoncture de « paraposition » a eu l'heureux effet d'offrir un choix aux étudiants. La géographie de l'un apparaît plus orthodoxe, méthodique, homogène, « régiologique » alors que celle de l'autre est plus intuitive, ethnographique, passéiste, illustrée.Between 1924 and 1967, Raoul Blanchard and Pierre Deffontaines, two French geographers, have directly influenced the Canadian geography through research, publication and teaching. However, great differences have to be recognized between their geographies, differences which had their roots in France. The first is a « regional » geographer, the second a « human » geographer but both wrote abundantly on human geography. Blanchard made a more orthodox, standard and « regiologist » geography than Deffontaines. Both geographies were idealist and non applied. As the two professors were in Québec, the geographical influence from France was opened to a choice. Among these two leaders, Raoul Blanchard was second to none

Anaerobic Digester Bioaugmentation Influences Quasi Steady State Performance and Microbial Community

Nine anaerobic digesters, each seeded with biomass from a different source, were operated identically and their quasi steady state function was compared. Subsequently, digesters were bioaugmented with a methanogenic culture previously shown to increase specific methanogenic activity. Before bioaugmentation, different seed biomass resulted in different quasi steady state function, with digesters clustering into three groups distinguished by methane (CH4) production. Digesters with similar functional performance contained similar archaeal communities based on clustering of Illumina sequence data of the V4V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene. High CH4 production correlated with neutral pH and high Methanosarcina abundance, whereas low CH4production correlated to low pH as well as high Methanobacterium and DHVEG 6 family abundance. After bioaugmentation, CH4 production from the high CH4 producing digesters transiently increased by 11 ± 3% relative to non-bioaugmented controls (p \u3c 0.05, n = 3), whereas no functional changes were observed for medium and low CH4producing digesters that all had pH higher than 6.7. The CH4 production increase after bioaugmentation was correlated to increased relative abundance of Methanosaeta and Methaospirillum originating from the bioaugment culture. In conclusion, different anaerobic digester seed biomass can result in different quasi steady state CH4production, SCOD removal, pH and effluent VFA concentration in the timeframe studied. The bioaugmentation employed can result in a period of increased methane production. Future research should address extending the period of increased CH4 production by employing pH and VFA control concomitant with bioaugmentation, developing improved bioaugments, or employing a membrane bioreactor to retain the bioaugment