Cavity ringdown spectrum of the forbidden (A)over-tilde(2)E('')←(X)over-tilde(2)A(2)(') transition of NO_3: Evidence for static Jahn-Teller distortion in the (A)over-tilde state

The Jahn-Teller effect in the first two excited states of the nitrate radical NO3 has yet to be experimentally elucidated. In this paper, direct evidence of strong Jahn-Teller interactions in the A state is presented from the first complete absorption spectrum of the A(2)E(')←X(2)A(2)(') transition of NO3 in the gas phase in the region 5900-9000 cm(-1), at moderate resolution (0.15 cm(-1)). The observed spectrum is consistent with Herzberg-Teller selection rules, and reveals strong linear and quadratic Jahn-Teller interactions in the A state. Several of the vibronic bands have been tentatively assigned, including nu(2),nu(3), an irregular progression in nu(4), and combination bands involving nu(1). Our assignments are consistent with the previous works of Weaver [A. Weaver, D. W. Arnold, S. E. Bradforth, and D. M. Neumark, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 1740 (1991)] and Hirota [E. Hirota, T. Ishiwata, K. Kawaguchi, M. Fujitake, N. Ohashi, and I. Tanaka, J. Phys. Chem. 107, 2829 (1997)] The band origin is not observed, in accord with the selection rules, but is determined to be T-0=7064 cm(-1) from the observation of the 4(1)(0) hot band at 6695.7 cm(-1). Rotational contour analysis of this band indicates that the upper state is an asymmetric rotor, establishing that NO3 undergoes static Jahn-Teller distortion in the ground vibrational level of the A state

Organisation of LTL networks - consequences for intermodal transport

In the transportation sector the issue of intermodal transport has grown significantly more important over the years and is a potential means toward sustainable transportation systems. One important type of user of intermodal transport is less-than-truck load (LTL) service providers. LTL networks often consist of a forwarder and a number of hauliers in a more or less formal organisation. They often work together for many years with the shared strategic purpose to produce transport services, an organisation form that in the construction industry is called a quasifirm. In the relationship between haulier and forwarder the direct mode choice is often made by one of them while they represent different levels of decision-making and hold different responsibilities. Consequently, the forwarder-haulier organisation--the quasifirm--can be expected to influence the use of intermodal road-rail transport. The purpose of this paper is to describe the business setup between haulier and forwarder as a quasifirm and by means of this concept to outline possible influences on issues important for intermodal road-rail transport. The theory of the quasifirm is presented. To empirically show the existence of the quasifirm in LTL networks, a case study of the forwarder Schenker with their associated hauliers is matched to the theory. The paper establishes the studied forwarder with its associated hauliers as a quasifirm, an organisation form that is proved to have some beneficial characteristics. However, this organisation form also has some less beneficial consequences for the use of intermodal transport

New insights into the Jahn–Teller effect in NO_3 via the dark à 2E" state

The recent cavity ringdown (CRD) measurement of the forbidden Ã^2 E"←X~^2 A2' transition of the nitrate radical NO_3 reveals a rich, well-resolved spectrum in the near-infrared. The spectroscopic detail provides a new window onto the Jahn–Teller (JT) and pseudo-Jahn–Teller (PJT) effects in NO_3. This paper reviews the current experimental evidence for vibronic coupling in the à state and discusses the theoretical issues in the context of new preliminary EOMIP/CCSD and CCSD(T) calculations. The theoretical results to date indicate that the à 2E" state of NO_3 undergoes a relatively strong JT distortion which may require inclusion of higher order vibronic couplings. The intensity of this transition may involve multiple intensity borrowing mechanisms via PJT coupling among the X~, à and B~ states

Tunne leikkaus! : leikkaukselliset keinot emotionaalisesti vaikuttavan elokuvan luomisessa

Ihana Aina on Matias Boettgen opinnäytetyönään ohjaama draamakomedia. Elokuvan leikkaus on toiminnallisen opinnäytetyöni teososa. Kirjallinen osuus on raportti, jossa käsittelen Ihana Aina -elokuvan leikkausprosessia ja käyn läpi eri kohtausten leikkausratkaisuja. Tarkastelen myös leikkauksellisen ilmaisun kehitystä ja historiaa, sekä perehdyn leikkauksen teorioihin fokuksena emotionaalisesti vaikuttavan elokuvan luominen. Elokuva luodaan lopulliseen muotoonsa vasta leikkauspöydällä. Elokuvan leikkaus tarjoaa huikean määrän ilmaisun mahdollisuuksia ja sen kautta voidaan vaikuttaa katsojaan psykologisesti. Halusin työssäni löytää selkeitä oppeja ja neuvoja vaikuttavan elokuvan leikkaamiseen. Perussääntöjä kuvakoon vaihteluista ja jatkuvuudesta löytyy monista alan oppaista, mutta varsinainen leikkauksella ilmaisu ja katsojan emootioihin vaikuttaminen on jotain muuta. Keskityin tarkastelemaan leikkausta juuri emootioiden kannalta, sillä mielestäni tunne on lopulta elokuvan tärkein elementti, jonka tieltä monet muut säännöt joutuvat tarvittaessa väistymään.The present research is based on a film called Ihana Aina. It is a drama comedy directed by Matias Boettge as his Bachelor's Thesis. In the present Bachelor's Thesis, the editing process is revealed and editing theories and practical rules are being observed mainly by focusing on creating an emotionally affective film. The film is created in a cutting room. I feel that cutting offers a huge number of possibilities for expression and by juxtapositioning different images and themes you can affect the viewer psychologically. I wanted to find out clear instructions and advice on how to affect the audience's emotions through editing. Even though the basic rules of image size variation and continuity are found in many books, however the actual power of cutting and influencing the viewer is something else. I concentrated on examining editing in terms of emotions, because I think that feeling is ultimately the most important element in the film.Teososa: Ihana Aina -elokuvan kuvaleikkausversio. Liitettä ei ole toimitettu kirjastolle

Time perspectives on intermodal transport of consolidated cargo

Intermodal road-rail freight transport is often argued to have certain cost and time handicaps against all-road transport. Based on theory defining the elements transport time, order time, timing, punctuality and frequency, literature on modal choice is surveyed. With few exceptions, transport time and punctuality is top ranked, while frequency and timing is regarded as less important by respondents. Timing is excluded in some studies and order time is not found. The time elements are also used for comparing the characteristics of intermodal transport and all-road transport. Particular attention is paid to the preconditions for using intermodal transport as part of consolidation networks with subsequent terminal handlings. Since time aspects in transportation are highly contextual, the analysis is deepened within the framework of a case study focusing Schenker’s domestic transport services in Sweden. Schenker’s time requirements are matched against the times CargoNet, their main supplier of intermodal terminal-to-terminal services, can offer. It is concluded that correspondence of the transport time between the consolidation network and the intermodal network are in fact not a strong prerequisite to use intermodal transport, although correspondence of departure and arrival times is significantly higher for the intermodal relations regularly used by the logistics service provider. Regarding timing, adjusting departure and arrival times by one hour will not increase the competitiveness for the consolidated cargo significantly, more profound adjustments are required. The order time of the intermodal freight transport service is not well suited to consolidated cargo due to volume information unavailability. The consolidated cargo schedule is sensitive for rather small deviations in punctuality

Circumpolar measurements of speciated mercury, ozone and carbon monoxide in the boundary layer of the Arctic Ocean

International audienceUsing the Swedish icebreaker Oden as a platform, continuous measurements of airborne mercury (gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0), divalent gaseous mercury species HgIIX2(g) (acronym RGM) and mercury attached to particles (PHg)) and some long-lived trace gases (carbon monoxide CO and ozone O3) were performed over the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean. The measurements were performed for nearly three months (July-September 2005) during the Beringia 2005 expedition (from Göteborg, Sweden via the proper Northwest Passage to the Beringia region Alaska - Chukchi Penninsula - Wrangel Island and in-turn via a north-polar transect to Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen). The Beringia 2005 expedition was the first time that these species have been measured during summer over the Arctic Ocean going from 60° to 90° N. During the North Atlantic transect, concentration levels of Hg0, CO and O3 were measured comparable to typical levels for the ambient mid-hemispheric average. However, a rapid increase of Hg0 in air and surface water was observed when entering the ice-covered waters of the Canadian Arctic archipelago. Large parts of the measured waters were supersaturated with respect to Hg0, reflecting a strong disequilibrium. Heading through the sea ice of the Arctic Ocean, a fraction of the strong Hg0 pulse in the water was transferred with some time-delay into the air samples collected ~20 m above sea level. Several episodes of elevated Hg0 in air were encountered along the sea ice route with higher mean concentration (1.81±0.43 ng m−3) compared to the marine boundary layer over ice-free Arctic oceanic waters (1.55±0.21 ng m−3). In addition, the bulk of the variance in the temporal series of Hg0 concentrations was observed during July. The Oden Hg0 observations compare in this aspect very favourably with those at the coastal station Alert. Atmospheric boundary layer O3 mixing ratios decreased when initially sailing northward. In the Arctic, an O3 minimum around 15-20 ppbV was observed during summer (July-August). Alongside the polar transect during the beginning of autumn, a steady trend of increasing O3 mixing ratios was measured returning to initial levels of the expedition (>30 ppbV). Ambient CO was fairly stable (84±12 ppbV) during the expedition. However, from the Beaufort Sea and moving onwards steadily increasing CO mixing ratios were observed (0.3 ppbV day−1). On a comparison with coeval archived CO and O3 data from the Arctic coastal strip monitoring sites Barrow and Alert, the observations from Oden indicate these species to be homogeneously distributed over the Arctic Ocean. Neither correlated low ozone and Hg0 events nor elevated concentrations of RGM and PHg were at any extent sampled, suggesting that atmospheric mercury deposition to the Arctic basin is low during the Polar summer and autumn

Prakanong Suburban Center Bangkok, Thailand

Architectur

Teachers Falling off the Cliff Affordances and Constraints of Social Media in School

In a digitalized society our work environment is highly integrated with our home environment making work boundless both in terms of time and space. The digital work environment risks increased stress. Based on a case study in Swedish schools we investigate how teachers experience the use of social media for work-related purposes. We do so by using the Technology Affordance and Constraints Theory to capture the affordances as well as constraints of this use. Findings show that affordances of social media in schools were increased opportunities for learning, transparency and community building. Constraints were distractions from learning, increased isolation, stress and, above all, lack of guidance in how and when to use social media. We end the paper arguing that lack of policies and guidelines governing the use of social media at work is risking an increase in boundary blurring and potentially more stress

Best practice of digital government in emerging democracies: Illustrations, challenges and reflections of state building processes

Digital government applications and models of-ten add layers to existing structures, organizations, and routines to facilitate public services. In most states digital government is thus added to established structures and organizations, but what hap-pens when e-government develop at as an integrated part of new state building? This is the overall question in this paper presenting an analysis of best practices of e-government in six countries in the Western Balkans – Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia. The cases of best practice have been identified through an interactive research process, and analyzed through a combined lens of eGovernment stage-models and core public values. The analysis shows how new digital government applications and innovations are designed and used in new democracies as part of new state building structures. The findings indicate a lack of new institutional arrangements for digital government. Taken together it shows that the development of e-government in the Western Balkans follows a path-dependence of other states, in spite of the opportunities for more innovative and sustainable e-government by continuing the institutional reformation

Atmospheric mercury inputs in montane soils increase with elevation: evidence from mercury isotope signatures

The influence of topography on the biogeochemical cycle of mercury (Hg) has received relatively little attention. Here, we report the measurement of Hg species and their corresponding isotope composition in soil sampled along an elevational gradient transect on Mt. Leigong in subtropical southwestern China. The data are used to explain orography-related effects on the fate and behaviour of Hg species in montane environments. The total- and methyl-Hg concentrations in topsoil samples show a positive correlation with elevation. However, a negative elevation dependence was observed in the mass- ependent fractionation (MDF) and mass-independent fractionation (MIF) signatures of Hg isotopes. Both a MIF (D199Hg) binary mixing approach and the traditional inert element method indicate that the content of Hg derived from the atmosphere distinctly increases with altitude.publishedVersio