Aplicación de rutinas en lenguaje R para análisis de componentes principales

Cuando se diposne de una gran cantidad de observaciones para cada individuo, los análisis univariados tienen la limitación de no contemplar las interrelaciones entre todas las variables, ni cómo esas interrelaciones afectan  al conjunto de individuos. Como alternativa fueron desarrolladas las técnicas multivariadas, que brindan descripciones de estas interrelaciones, tomando las variables en su conjunto. El análisis de componentes principales (ACP) es la esencia del análisis estadístico multivariado y tiene como objetivo reducir el número de variables, a través de la generación de nuevas variables, que son combinaciones lineales de las variables originales. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una serie de rutinas computacionales en el lenguaje R v. 3.10 para el ACP. Este lenguaje es de uso mundial, por ser libre, flexible y con soporte de estadísticos de reconocido prestigio. Para ilustrar su aplicación, se tomó una base de datos referente a los precios de cinco tipos de alimentos (en centavos de dólar): pan, hamburguesa, leche, naranjas y tomates en 23 ciudades de los Estados Unidos. Los datos fueron analizados exploratoriamente seguido del análisis de correlación entre pares de variables. Utilizando la función PRINCOMP y el paquete RCOMMANDER se realizó el ACP y la construcción del biplot. Además fueron utilizadas las bibliotecas: Hmisc, Plotrix, Ellipse, Corrplot, Ggplot2, Devtools y Vqv/ggbiplot. Los resultados fueron comparados con los obtenidos en otros programas, no encontrando diferencias. Se concluye que el lenguaje R es una herramienta poderosa, debiendo divulgar su uso en la docencia de la estadística a nivel universitario

Deuda externa por naturaleza

Se discuten las posibles consecuencias del canje de los recursos naturales de los países del Tercer Mundo por las cuantiosas deudas que sus gobiernos han contraído con los países desarrollados. Se concluye que los supuestos beneficios a obtener no son más que una ilusión y que el mecanismo de trueque vulnera sus derechos sobre el territorio, los ecosistemas y su biodiversidad

Translation and museum accessibility for deaf people: comprehension and memory in the use of sign guides

Los museos, en su afán por educar y difundir el conocimiento, han apostado en las últimas décadas por ofrecer espacios y contenidos completamente accesibles para todos. En el caso de las personas sordas o con discapacidad auditiva, las signoguías1 son una herramienta esencial para permitirles ser parte de este evento comunicativo multimodal que es el museo. Las modalidades de Traducción e Interpretación accesible son una pieza fundamental en este puzle. Sin embargo, es necesario evaluar el grado comprensión que alcanzan los usuarios sordos signantes con estos dispositivos multimedia. Mediante un estudio de caso, de corte experimental, se ha observado que logran un grado suficiente de comprensión del contenido traducido, aunque los resultados son inferiores con tecnicismos, antropónimos o topónimos. Los subtítulos, valorados positivamente por los usuarios, parecen no tener un papel trascendental. Esperamos que este estudio ayude a mejorar la futura experiencia museística de las personas sordas signantes.In the last decades, in their pursuit to educate and disseminate knowledge, museums are committed to offer spaces and contents fully accessible for all. In the case of deaf people or hearing impaired, sign guides are an essential tool to let these visitors be part of this multimodal communicative event that the museum is. Accessible translation and interpretation modes are an essential piece in this puzzle. Nevertheless, it is necessary to evaluate the degree of understanding that deaf sign language users achieve when using these multimedia devices. In this experimental case study, it has been observed that the translated content of these sign guides achieves a sufficient level of understanding, although results are lower when it comes to technical terms, names of people or names of places. Subtitles, positively evaluated by users, seem not to play a meaningful role. We hope this research helps to improve the future experience of deaf sign language users at museums

Hsp90 orchestrates transcriptional regulation by Hsf1 and cell wall remodelling by MAPK signalling during thermal adaptation in a pathogenic yeast

Acknowledgments We thank Rebecca Shapiro for creating CaLC1819, CaLC1855 and CaLC1875, Gillian Milne for help with EM, Aaron Mitchell for generously providing the transposon insertion mutant library, Jesus Pla for generously providing the hog1 hst7 mutant, and Cathy Collins for technical assistance.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Molecular Gas Reservoirs in High-redshift Galaxies

We study the molecular gas properties of high-z galaxies observed in the ALMA Spectroscopic Survey (ASPECS) that targets an ˜1 arcmin2 region in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (UDF), a blind survey of CO emission (tracing molecular gas) in the 3 and 1 mm bands. Of a total of 1302 galaxies in the field, 56 have spectroscopic redshifts and correspondingly well-defined physical properties. Among these, 11 have infrared luminosities {L}{IR}\gt {10}11 {L}⊙ , i.e., a detection in CO emission was expected. Out of these, 7 are detected at various significance in CO, and 4 are undetected in CO emission. In the CO-detected sources, we find CO excitation conditions that are lower than those typically found in starburst/sub-mm galaxy/QSO environments. We use the CO luminosities (including limits for non-detections) to derive molecular gas masses. We discuss our findings in the context of previous molecular gas observations at high redshift (star formation law, gas depletion times, gas fractions): the CO-detected galaxies in the UDF tend to reside on the low-{L}{IR} envelope of the scatter in the {L}{IR}{--}{L}{CO}\prime relation, but exceptions exist. For the CO-detected sources, we find an average depletion time of ˜1 Gyr, with significant scatter. The average molecular-to-stellar mass ratio ({M}{{H}2}/M *) is consistent with earlier measurements of main-sequence galaxies at these redshifts, and again shows large variations among sources. In some cases, we also measure dust continuum emission. On average, the dust-based estimates of the molecular gas are a factor ˜2-5× smaller than those based on CO. When we account for detections as well as non-detections, we find large diversity in the molecular gas properties of the high-redshift galaxies covered by ASPECS

Patients with Cholangiocarcinoma Present Specific RNA Profiles in Serum and Urine Extracellular Vesicles Mirroring the Tumor Expression: Novel Liquid Biopsy Biomarkers for Disease Diagnosis

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) comprises a group of heterogeneous biliary cancers with dismal prognosis. The etiologies of most CCAs are unknown, but primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a risk factor. Non-invasive diagnosis of CCA is challenging and accurate biomarkers are lacking. We aimed to characterize the transcriptomic profile of serum and urine extracellular vesicles (EVs) from patients with CCA, PSC, ulcerative colitis (UC), and healthy individuals. Serum and urine EVs were isolated by serial ultracentrifugations and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and immunoblotting. EVs transcriptome was determined by Illumina gene expression array [messenger RNAs (mRNA) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs)]. Differential RNA profiles were found in serum and urine EVs from patients with CCA compared to control groups (disease and healthy), showing high diagnostic capacity. The comparison of the mRNA profiles of serum or urine EVs from patients with CCA with the transcriptome of tumor tissues from two cohorts of patients, CCA cells in vitro, and CCA cellsderived EVs, identified 105 and 39 commonly-altered transcripts, respectively. Gene ontology analysis indicated that most commonly-altered mRNAs participate in carcinogenic steps. Overall, patients with CCA present specific RNA profiles in EVs mirroring the tumor, and constituting novel promising liquid biopsy biomarkers

Thermal conductivity measurements of macroscopic frozen salt ice analogues of Jovian icy moons in support of the planned JUICE mission

14 páginas, 16 figuras, 2 tablascThe study of thermal properties of frozen salt solutions representative of ice layers in Jovian moons is crucial to support the JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) (ESA) and Europa Clipper (NASA) missions, which will be launched in the upcoming years to make detailed observations of the giant gaseous planet Jupiter and three of its largest moons (Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto), due to the scarcity of experimental measurements. Therefore, we have conducted a set of experiments to measure and study the thermal conductivity of macroscopic frozen salt solutions of particular interest in these regions, including sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium sulphate (MgSO4 ), sodium sulphate (Na2 SO4 ), and magnesium chloride (MgCl2 ). Measurements were performed at atmospheric pressure and temperatures from 0 to −70 ◦C in a climatic chamber. Temperature and calorimetry were measured during the course of the experiments. An interesting side effect of these measurements is that they served to spot phase changes in the frozen salt solutions, even for very low salt concentrations. A small sample of the liquid salt-water solution was set aside for the calorimetry measurements. These experiments and the measurements of thermal conductivity and calorimetry will be valuable to constrain the chemical composition, physical state, and temperature of the icy crusts of Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto.This project received financial support of The European Space Agency (ESA) contracts No.: RFP/3-15589/18/ES/CM and 4000126441/19/ES/CM: ‘Measurements of thermal and dielectric properties of ices in support to future radar measurements of Jovian Icy moons’, The Unidad de Excelencia ‘Mar ́ıa de Maeztu’ MDM-2017-0737– Centro de Astrobiolog ́ıa (INTA-CSIC), The Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities AYA2017-85322-R and PID2020-118974GB-C21 (AEI/FEDER, UE), Retos Investigaci ́on BIA2016-77992-R (AEI/FEDER, UE), and ‘Explora Ciencia y Explora Tecnolog ́ıa’ [AYA2017-91062- EXP]. We are grateful to Anezina Solomonidou for assistance in the project proposal. The view expressed in this article can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Space Agency. We thank the reviewer of this article for his constructive comments.Peer reviewe

Communication, development, and social change in Spain: A field between institutionalization and implosion

This paper renders an account of the rapid institutionalization of the academic field of Communication for Development and Social Change (CDCS) in Spain in recent years following a period of neglect and marginalization. The ongoing expansion of the field of CDSC in the Spanish context is understood as a process of implosion, i.e. a collapse inwards, which results from the inconsistencies and weaknesses of fast and late institutionalization. The methodological approach for this inquiry is a documental review of both academic literature and research and institutional reports produced in Spain between 1980 and 2010. Based on this review, the paper contrasts the trajectory of the field in Spain with the debates at the international level, establishing relevant continuities and differences.This article is part of the Research Project (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Spain) CSO2014-52005-R titled ‘Evaluation and Monitoring of Communication for Development and Social Change in Spain: design of indicators to measure its social impact’ (2015–2017)17 página

The violent youth of bright and massive cluster galaxies and their maturation over 7 billion years

In this study, we investigate the formation and evolution mechanisms of the brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) over cosmic time. At high redshift (z ∼ 0.9), we selected BCGs and most massive cluster galaxies (MMCGs) from the Cl1604 supercluster and compared them to low-redshift (z ∼ 0.1) counterparts drawn from the MCXC meta-catalogue, supplemented by Sloan Digital Sky Survey imaging and spectroscopy. We observed striking differences in the morphological, colour, spectral, and stellar mass properties of the BCGs/MMCGs in the two samples. High-redshift BCGs/MMCGs were, in many cases, star-forming, late-type galaxies, with blue broad-band colours, properties largely absent amongst the low-redshift BCGs/MMCGs. The stellar mass of BCGs was found to increase by an average factor of 2.51 ± 0.71 from z ∼ 0.9 to z ∼ 0.1. Through this and other comparisons, we conclude that a combination of major merging (mainly wet or mixed) and in situ star formation are the main mechanisms which build stellar mass in BCGs/MMCGs. The stellar mass growth of the BCGs/MMCGs also appears to grow in lockstep with both the stellar baryonic and total mass of the cluster. Additionally, BCGs/MMCGs were found to grow in size, on average, a factor of ∼3, while their average Sérsic index increased by ∼0.45 from z ∼ 0.9 to z ∼ 0.1, also supporting a scenario involving major merging, though some adiabatic expansion is required. These observational results are compared to both models and simulations to further explore the implications on processes which shape and evolve BCGs/MMCGs over the past ∼7 Gyr

Arm and interarm abundance gradients in CALIFA spiral galaxies

Spiral arms are the most singular features in disc galaxies. These structures can exhibit different patterns, namely grand design and flocculent arms, with easily distinguishable characteristics. However, their origin and the mechanisms shaping them are unclear. The overall role of spirals in the chemical evolution of disc galaxies is another unsolved question. In particular, it has not been fully explored if the H ii regions of spiral arms present different properties from those located in the interarm regions. Here we analyse the radial oxygen abundance gradient of the arm and interarm star forming regions of 63 face-on spiral galaxies using CALIFA Integral Field Spectroscopy data. We focus the analysis on three characteristic parameters of the profile: slope, zero-point, and scatter. The sample is morphologically separated into flocculent versus grand design spirals and barred versus unbarred galaxies. We find subtle but statistically significant differences betweenthe arm and interarm distributions for flocculent galaxies, suggesting that the mechanisms generating the spiral structure in these galaxies may be different to those producing grand design systems, for which no significant differences are found. We also find small differences in barred galaxies, not observed in unbarred systems, hinting that bars may affect the chemical distribution of these galaxies but not strongly enough as to be reflected in the overall abundance distribution. In light of these results, we propose bars and flocculent structure as two distinct mechanisms inducing differences in the abundance distribution between arm and interarm star forming regions