Desarrollo de modelos predictivos de Sigatoka negra (Mycosphaerella fijiensis M. Morelet) en banano para la región de Urabá, Antioquia – Colombia

Mycosphaerella fijiensis M. Morelet, agente causal de la Sigatoka negra - SN, es el miembro más destructivo del “complejo Sigatoka”, el cual, es la enfermedad más destructiva en los cultivos de banano y plátano. El objetivo de la investigación, consistió en modelar la severidad de la SN en plantaciones bananeras en la región de Urabá, Antioquia – Colombia, mediante diferentes alternativas estadísticas, a partir de la identificación de la influencia de fenómenos macro y micro climáticos y, espaciales, sobre la epidemiología de la enfermedad. En ese sentido, se generaron modelos de regresión lineal múltiple mediante la metodología Backward Stepwise, para el estado de evolución de la enfermedad en tres fincas colindantes que implementan diferentes prácticas culturales para el manejo de la SN y para 10 fincas que cubren el gradiente latitudinal de precipitación de la región, para la hoja más joven enferma, en función de variables climáticas acumuladas, promediadas, de máxima y de mínima según su naturaleza, y; para una finca ubicada en un área de alta incidencia de la enfermedad, se modeló espacialmente mediante técnicas geoestadísticas, la hoja más joven manchada - HMJM, con el objetivo de determinar su estructura y categoría de dependencia espacial. La capacidad predictiva de los modelos de regresión lineal múltiple varió según la frecuencia de la variable climática empleada, diaria o semanal, además, si se consideró solo el efecto aditivo o la interacción de estas. La HMJM, se describió a partir de modelos gaussianos, los cuales divergen de los modelos reportados en otras investigaciones, en patosistemas similares.Abstract: Black Leaf Streak Disease (BLSD) caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis M. Morelet, is one of the most damaging diseases of bananas and plantains. The aim of the present research was to model the severity of BLSD in banana plantations, based on the response of the pathogen to climatic variables at different spatial scales, using various statistical methods. The study was carried out in the banana growing region of Urabá located at the Caribbean coast of Colombia near the border with Panamá. Two sets of data were used to generate models of the behavior of the disease using Backward Stepwise multiple linear regression. In both cases precipitation, solar radiation, relative humidity, high, low and mean temperature were used as independent variables. The first data set came from three adjacent farms that implemented different cultural practices to manage BLSD, the stage of evolution of the disease was modelled for these. The second data set came from 10 farms that represented a latitudinal rain gradient, increasing southward from 2000 mm to 4000 mm annual rain. For these, the youngest leaf with symptoms (YLWS) variable was modelled. Finally, in order to evaluate the spatial structure and autocorrelation of BLSD, a third data set from a high BLSD incidence area was analyzed using geostatistical techniques, the youngest leaf spotted (YLS) variable was used to build the model. The predictive ability of the models was influenced by the periodicity of the climatic variables employed (daily to weekly), also by the additive vs. interactive effect of these variables. The YLS variable was best described by Gaussian models, which diverge from models reported in other research works in similar pathosystemsMaestrí

Consumo de energía y calidad de servicio en redes WBAN : Una evaluación de desempeño entre capa cruzada e IEEE802.15.4

RESUMEN: Dentro de los esquemas de comunicación de redes inalámbricas de área corporal (WBAN), se encuentran los protocolos de capa cruzada, constituidos en una novedosa opción para alcanzar un balance efectivo entre consumo eficiente de energía y métricas de desempeño. En el presente trabajo, evaluamos el desempeño de una estrategia de capa cruzada al compararla contra los protocolos del estándar IEEE802.15.4 en una WBAN. Se evaluó el desempeño de ambas estrategias empleando una simulación de redes WBAN. Luego se ejecutó una comparación estadística y se encontró que la estrategia de capa cruzada ofrece un mejor desempeño con respecto a la compensación entre consumo eficiente de energía y algunas métricas de desempeño en nuestra WBAN. Observamos que en general, la estrategia de capa cruzada supera a ambos modos del estándar IEEE802.15.4 (ranurado y no-ranurado) con respecto a consumo eficiente de energía, retraso extremo a extremo, tasa de pérdida de paquetes y goodput.ABSTARCT: Different communication schemes for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) pretend to achieve a fair tradeoff between efficient energy consumption and the accomplishment of performance metrics. Among those schemes are the Cross-layer protocols that constitute a good choice to achieve the aforementioned tradeoff by introducing novel protocol techniques which are away from the traditional communications model. In this work we assessed the performance of a WBAN cross-layer protocol stack by comparing it against the performance of the protocols of the IEEE802.15.4 standard, which is commonly used for WBAN deployment nowadays. We evaluated the performance of both, cross-layer and IEEE802.15.4 approaches, by means of a simulation, by using a popular network simulator and its frameworks for wireless networks. And then performed a statistical comparison and ascertained that the cross-layer protocol stack offers better performance regarding a tradeoff between efficient energy consumption and performance metrics in our particular test scenario. We observed that, in general, the cross-layer approach outperformed both modes of IEEE802.15.4 standard (slotted and unslotted) regarding energy consumption, end to end delay, packet loss rate and goodput. The results of our experiments reported that the cross-layer strategy saves up to 80% more energy than IEEE802.15.4 unslotted and it is only a 5% below the slotted mode. Regarding the quality of service metrics the performance was always better when using the cross-layer scheme

Diseños de capa cruzada para redes inalámbricas de área corporal energéticamente eficientes: una revisión

RESUMEN: El diseño de capa cruzada se considera una poderosa alternativa para dar solución a las complejidades introducidas por las comunicaciones inalámbricas en redes de área corporal (WBAN), donde el modelo clásico de comunicaciones no ha exhibido un desempeño adecuado. Respecto al problema puntual de consumo de energía, hemos preparado la presente revisión de las publicaciones más relevantes que tratan la eficiencia energética para WBAN usando diseño de capa cruzada. En este artículo se proporciona una revisión exhaustiva de los avances en aproximaciones, protocolos y optimizaciones de capa cruzada cuyo objetivo es incrementar el tiempo de vida de las redes WBAN mediante el ahorro de energía. Luego, se discute los aspectos relevantes y deficiencias de las técnicas de capa cruzada energéticamente eficientes. Además, se introducen aspectos de investigación abiertos y retos en el diseño de capa cruzada para WBAN. En esta revisión proponemos una taxonomía de las aproximaciones de capa cruzada, de modo que las técnicas revisadas se ajustan en categorías de acuerdo a los protocolos involucrados en el diseño. Una clasificación novedosa se incluye para hacer claridad en los conceptos teóricos involucrados en cada esquema de capa cruzada y para luego agrupar aproximaciones similares evidenciando las diferencias con otras técnicas entre sí. Nuestras conclusiones consideran los aspectos de movilidad y modelamiento del canal en escenarios de WBAN como las direcciones para futura investigación en WBAN y en aplicaciones de telemedicina.ABSTRACT: Cross-layer design is considered a powerful alternative to solve the complexities of wireless communication in wireless body area networks (WBAN), where the classical communication model has been shown to be inaccurate. Regarding the energy consumption problem, we have prepared a current survey of the most relevant scientific publications on energy-efficient cross-layer design for WBAN. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the advances in cross-layer approaches, protocols and optimizations aimed at increasing the network lifetime by saving energy in WBANs. Subsequently, we discuss the relevant aspects and shortcomings of these energy-efficient cross-layer techniques and point out the open research issues and challenges in WBAN cross-layer design. In this survey, we propose a taxonomy for cross-layer approaches to fit them into categories based on the protocols involved in the cross-layer scheme. A novel classification is included to clarify the theoretical concepts behind each cross-layer scheme; and to group similar approaches by establishing their differences from the other strategies reviewed. Our conclusion considers the aspects of mobility and channel modeling in WBAN scenarios as the directions of future cross-layer research for WBAN and telemedicine applications

Energy consumption and quality of service in WBAN: A performance evaluation between cross-layer and IEEE802.15.4

Different communication schemes for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) pretend to achieve a fair tradeoff between efficient energy consumption and the accomplishment of performance metrics. Among those schemes are the Cross-layer protocols that constitute a good choice to achieve the aforementioned tradeoff by introducing novel protocol techniques which are away from the traditional communications model. In this work we assessed the performance of a WBAN cross-layer protocol stack by comparing it against the performance of the protocols of the IEEE802.15.4 standard, which is commonly used for WBAN deployment nowadays. We evaluated the performance of both, cross-layer and IEEE802.15.4 approaches, by means of a simulation, by using a popular network simulator and its frameworks for wireless networks. And then performed a statistical comparison and ascertained that the cross-layer protocol stack offers better performance regarding a tradeoff between efficient energy consumption and performance metrics in our particular test scenario. We observed that, in general, the cross-layer approach outperformed both modes of IEEE802.15.4 standard (slotted and unslotted) regarding energy consumption, end to end delay, packet loss rate and goodput. The results of our experiments reported that the cross-layer strategy saves up to 80% more energy than IEEE802.15.4 unslotted and it is only a 5% below the slotted mode. Regarding the quality of service metrics the performance was always better when using the cross-layer scheme.Dentro de los esquemas de comunicación de redes inalámbricas de área corporal (WBAN), se encuentran los protocolos de capa cruzada, constituidos en una novedosa opción para alcanzar un balance efectivo entre consumo eficiente de energía y métricas de desempeño. En el presente trabajo, evaluamos el desempeño de una estrategia de capa cruzada al compararla contra los protocolos del estándar IEEE802.15.4 en una WBAN. Se evaluó el desempeño de ambas estrategias empleando una simulación de redes WBAN. Luego se ejecutó una comparación estadística y se encontró que la estrategia de capa cruzada ofrece un mejor desempeño con respecto a la compensación entre consumo eficiente de energía y algunas métricas de desempeño en nuestra WBAN. Observamos que en general, la estrategia de capa cruzada supera a ambos modos del estándar IEEE802.15.4 (ranurado y no-ranurado) con respecto a consumo eficiente de energía, retraso extremo a extremo, tasa de pérdida de paquetes y goodput

Distribution and entomological parameters of Anopheles (Anopheles) calderoni (Diptera: Culicidae) from Colombia

Anopheles calderoni, considerado vector potencial de malaria, fue reportado en la última década en Colombia. Debido a su registro reciente y a la confusión con especies cercanas, se conoce poco sobre su distribución real e importancia epidemiológica. En este trabajo se determinó la distribución y parámetros entomológicos de A. calderoni en diversas localidades de Colombia. Se recolectaron especímenes de Anopheles en 10 departamentos de varias regiones de Colombia, entre 2009 y 2015. Se caracterizó la región ITS2 para los individuos recolectados y se realizó un análisis bioinformático para predecir su identificación taxonómica mediante una prueba molecular. Se determinó la infección natural por Plasmodium y se calcularon parámetros entomológicos. Se registraron especímenes de A. calderoni en 4 departamentos del oeste colombiano. La tasa de picadura más alta (14.7 picaduras por noche) se presentó en Tumaco, en el sureste de Colombia, donde se detectó un ejemplar infectado por Plasmodium falciparum. El análisis bioinformático produjo patrones de ITS2 que permiten diferenciar a A. calderoni. La presencia de esta especie en regiones con características ecológicas diversas, sugiere que tolera diferentes ambientes y su infección con parásitos Plasmodium, indica su posible papel como vector de importancia local.Anopheles calderoni considered a potential malaria vector, was only reported in Colombia during the last decade. Due to its recent report and the confusion with closely related species, little is known about the actual distribution and epidemiological importance of this species. In this work, the distribution and entomological parameters of A. calderoni were determined in several localities in Colombia. Anopheles specimens were collected in 10 departments from various regions in Colombia between 2009 and 2015. We characterized the ITS2 region for the collected specimens and performed a bioinformatic analysis to predict its taxonomic identification using a molecular test. We also determined the natural infection by Plasmodium and calculated entomological parameters. A. calderoni was registered in 4 departments in west Colombia. The highest biting rate (14.7 bites per night) was detected in Tumaco, SW Colombia, where a specimen was found to be infected by Plasmodium falciparum. The bionformatic analysis generated an ITS2 pattern that allows differentiation of this species. The presence of A. calderoni in regions with ecological diverse characteristics suggests that this species tolerates varied environments, and its infection with Plasmodium parasites indicates its role as a vector of local importance

Clinical and etiological characterization of a sam-ple of children and adults with dysphagia treated in two healthcare centers in Medellín/Colombia: a retrospective study

Introduction: Dysphagia is a frequent disorder throughout the life cycle, which has different etiolo-gies in relation to its clinical type in oropharyngeal or esophageal.Objective: Clinical and etiological characterization of a sample with dysphagia attended in two health care centers in the city of Medellín (Colombia), showing the etiology and clinical type of dysphagia according to age groups. Methods: Observational, descriptive, and retrospective study, through the review and analysis of and clinical records of patients with a diagnosis of dysphagia, treated between 2012 and 2018 in a university hospital and a speech therapy center in swallowing. Results: Sample of 527 patients. Distributed in tho-se under 18 years 45.4% (239/527); 18 to 59: 20.1% (106/527) and over 60: 34.5% (182/527). Clinical type, etiology, and most frequent health condition in the entire sample: oropharyngeal dysphagia, functional etiology, and neurological diseases. The most frequent conditions causing dysphagia in children under 18 years of age were childhood development disorders; group 18 to 59 years, cancer and, in those over 60 years of age, neurodegenerative processes. Conclusion: Oropharyngeal dysphagia due to functional etiology is common throughout the life cycle, and neurological diseases seem to largely explain its pathophysiology. In older adults it is associated with neurodegenerative disorders, and in those under 60 years of age (including children) the etiology is diverse. Its causes and clinical characteristics must be considered for promotion, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation processes

Relación entre variables bioclimáticas y prácticas de manejo con capturas de Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritida)

The present study was carried out at the Caribbean coast of the state of Magdalena, where the main cultivar is a variety called “sugar mango”. The research compared the captures of Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) adults between groups of farms defined by management practices, altitude, and bioclimatic variables. Management practices of 44 farms were documented through a survey and their geographic coordinates were used to extract 19 bioclimatic variables from the WorldClim database. The bioclimatic variables plus the altitude of the farms were analyzed using a K-Means clustering method. As a result, 23 mango farms were selected and sampled, determining the Fly/Trap/Day index through two samplings with McPhail traps. The farms were grouped according to their management practices using multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical clustering into principal components. The Fly/Trap/Day index mean values were compared between groups of farms using the Kruskal-Wallis test, and correlations between the Fly/Trap/Day index, altitude, and bioclimatic variables were calculated. Groups of farms located in drier areas (505-749 mm. year-1) showed lower fruit ripening stage Fly/Trap/Day index values than groups located in more humid areas (788-1,621 mm. year-1). Therefore, under the production conditions analyzed, the grouping of the farms based on bioclimatic variables and management practices allowed us to identify differences in A. obliqua captures. The results obtained contribute to the delimitation of potential low prevalence areas and the design of pest management strategies.El presente estudio se realizó en áreas productoras de mango Azúcar del departamento Magdalena, Colombia, con el objetivo de comparar capturas de adultos de Anatrepha obliqua (Macquart) entre grupos de fincas definidos por prácticas de manejo, altitud y variables bioclimáticas. Se documentaron las prácticas de manejo en 44 fincas a través de encuestas semiestructuradas y, a partir de las coordenadas geográficas, se extrajeron 19 variables bioclimáticas de WorldClim; estas y la altitud se analizaron utilizando el método de agrupamiento K-Means. Como resultado, se seleccionaron 23 fincas donde se determinó el índice Mosca/Trampa/Día por medio de dos muestreos con trampas McPhail. Las fincas se agruparon de acuerdo con sus prácticas de manejo mediante análisis de correspondencia múltiple y posterior agrupación jerárquica en componentes principales. El índice Mosca/Trampa/Día entre grupos se comparó mediante la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y se realizaron análisis de correlación entre el índice Mosca/Trampa/Día, la altitud y las variables bioclimáticas. Los grupos de fincas localizados en las áreas más secas (505 - 749 mm. año-1) mostraron valores de índice Mosca/Trampa/Día en fase de maduración de fruto más bajos que los grupos en áreas más húmedas (788 - 1621 mm. año-1). Bajo las condiciones de producción analizadas, la agrupación de las fincas en función de las variables bioclimáticas y prácticas de manejo permitió identificar diferencias entre las capturas de A. obliqua. Los resultados aportan a la delimitación de áreas potenciales de baja prevalencia y al diseño de estrategias de manejo de la plaga

Soil predisposing factors to fusarium oxysporum f.sp Cubense tropical race 4 on banana crops of La Guajira, Colombia

Fusarium wilt of banana caused by the soil-borne fungi Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4) (Syn. Fusarium odoratissimum), is a major threat to the global banana industry. Aiming to identify predisposing soil factors for Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB) TR4, the 23 physical and chemical soil properties were studied in three commercial banana farms in La Guajira, Colombia. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from areas affected by the disease (affected plots) and disease-free areas (healthy plots). Five repetitions per farm were considered, with a total sample of n = 30. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Subsequently, the debiased sparse partial correlation (DSPC) algorithm was applied. Organic matter (OM), pH, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and cation-exchange capacity on the exchange complex (ECEC), showed significant differences between the affected and healthy plots. In addition, the bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity (HC) were associated suggesting that physical attributes, such as soil compaction and poor drainage, create favorable conditions for FWB. According to the DSPC algorithm, the HC variable presented a grade of 5 and an intermediation of 14.67, which indicates that it has significant associations with BD, sand, porosity, ECEC, and OM and plays a critical role in the connection of other variables in the network and the differentiation of healthy and affected plots. These findings establish a baseline of information under field conditions in Colombia, which can be used to design soil management strategies to mitigate the detrimental effects of Foc TR4 by creating less favorable conditions for the pathogen

The Research Journey as a Challenge Towards New Trends

The academic community of the department of Risaralda, in its permanent interest in evidencing the results of the research processes that are carried out from the Higher Education Institutions and as a product of the VI meeting of researchers of the department of Risaralda held in November 2021 presents its work: “The journey of research as a challenge towards new trends”, which reflects the result of the latest research and advances in different lines of knowledge in Agricultural Sciences, Health Sciences, Social Sciences and Technology and Information Sciences, which seek to solve and meet the demands of the different sectors. This work would not have been possible without the help of each of the teachers, researchers and authors who presented their articles that make up each of the chapters of the book, to them our gratitude for their commitment, dedication and commitment, since their sole purpose is to contribute from the academy and science to scientific and technological development in the search for the solution of problems and thus contribute to transform the reality of our society and communities. We also wish to extend our gratitude to the institutions of the Network that made this publication possible: UTP, UCP, UNAD, UNIREMINGTON; UNISARC, CIAF, Universidad Libre, Uniclaretiana, Fundación Universitaria Comfamiliar and UNIMINUTO, institutions that in one way or another allowed this work to become a reality, which we hope will be of interest to you.Preface............................................................................................................................7 Chapter 1. Technologies and Engineering Towards a humanization in Engineering using soft skills in training in Engineers.............................................................................................................11 Omar Iván Trejos Buriticá1, Luis Eduardo Muñoz Guerrero Innovative materials in construction: review from a bibliometric analysis....................................................................................................................27 Cristian Osorio Gómez, Daniel Aristizábal Torres, Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Cristhian Camilo Amariles López Bibliometric review of disaster risk management: progress, trends, and challenges.........................................................................................................51 Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Gloria Milena Molina Vinasco. Incidence of land coverage and geology, in the unstability of lands of the micro-basin of the Combia creek, Pereira, Risaralda....................................73 Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Daniel Aristizábal Torres. Chapter 2. Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences Training experience with teachers teaching mathematics using the inquiry methodology ...............................................................................................95 Vivian Libeth Uzuriaga López, Héctor Gerardo Sánchez Bedoya. Interpretation of the multiple representations of the fears associated to the boarding of limited visual patients in the elective I students’ written productions and low vision ...................................................................................113 Eliana Bermúdez Cardona, Ana María Agudelo Guevara, Caterine Villamarín Acosta. The relevance of local knowledge in social sciences............................................131 Alberto Antonio Berón Ospina, Isabel Cristina Castillo Quintero. Basic education students’ conceptions of conflict a view from the peace for the education....................................................................................................143 Astrid Milena Calderón Cárdenas,Carolina Aguirre Arias, Carolina Franco Ossa, Martha Cecilia Gutiérrez Giraldo, Orfa Buitrago. Comprehensive risk prevention in educational settings: an interdisciplinary and socio-educational approach ............................................................................163 Olga María Henao Trujillo, Claudia María López Ortiz. Chapter 3. Natural and Agricultural Sciences Physicochemical characterization of three substrates used in the deep bedding system in swine .......................................................................................175 Juan Manuel Sánchez Rubio, Andrés Felipe Arias Roldan, Jesús Arturo Rincón Sanz, Jaime Andrés Betancourt Vásquez. Periodic solutions in AFM models........................................................................187 Daniel Cortés Zapata, Alexander Gutiérrez Gutiérrez. Phenology in flower and fruit of Rubus glaucus benth. Cv. Thornless in Risaralda: elements for phytosanitary management .........................................199 Shirley Palacios Castro, Andrés Alfonso Patiño Martínez, James Montoya Lerma, Ricardo Flórez, Harry Josué Pérez. Socio-economic and technical characterization of the cultivation of avocado (Persea americana) in Risaralda..............................................................217 Andrés Alfonso Patiño Martínez, Kelly Saudith Castañez Poveda, Eliana Gómez Correa. Biosecurity management in backyard systems in Santa Rosa de Cabal, Risaralda................................................................................................................227 Julia Victoria Arredondo Botero, Jaiver Estiben Ocampo Jaramillo, Juan Sebastián Mera Vallejo, Álvaro de Jesús Aranzazu Hernández. CONTENTS Physical-chemical diagnosis of soils in hillside areas with predominance of Lulo CV. La Selva production system in the department of Risaralda.............241 Adriana Patricia Restrepo Gallón, María Paula Landinez Montes, Jimena Tobón López. Digestibility of three concentrates used in canine feeding....................................271 María Fernanda Mejía Silva, Valentina Noreña Sánchez, Gastón Adolfo Castaño Jiménez. Chapter 4. Economic, Administrative, and Accounting Sciences Financial inclusion in households from socioeconomic strata 1 and 2 in the city of Pereira ..................................................................................................285 Lindy Neth Perea Mosquera, Marlen Isabel Redondo Ramírez, Angélica Viviana Morales. Internal marketing strategies as a competitive advantage for the company Mobilautos SAS de Dosquebradas........................................................................303 Inés Montoya Sánchez, Sandra Patricia Viana Bolaños, Ana María Barrera Rodríguez. Uses of tourist marketing in the tourist sector of the municipality of Belén de Umbría, Risaralda.............................................................................................319 Ana María Barrera Rodríguez, Paola Andrea Echeverri Gutiérrez, María Camila Parra Buitrago, Paola Andrea Martín Muñoz, Angy Paola Ángel Vélez, Luisa Natalia Trejos Ospina. Territorial prospective of Risaralda department (Colombia), based on the SDGS...............................................................................................................333 Juan Guillermo Gil García, Samanta Londoño Velásquez. Chapter 5. Health and Sports Sciences Performance evaluation in times of pandemic. What do medical students think?.......................................................................................................353 Samuel Eduardo Trujillo Henao, Rodolfo A. Cabrales Vega, Germán Alberto Moreno Gómez. The relevance of the therapist’s self and self-reference in the training of psychologists.....................................................................................................371 Maria Paula Marmolejo Lozano, Mireya Ospina Botero. Habits related to oral health which influence lifestyle of elder people in a wellness center for the elderly in Pereira 2020. .............................................387 Isadora Blanco Pérez, Olga Patricia Ramírez Rodríguez, Ángela María Rincón Hurtado. Analysis of the suicide trend in the Coffee Region in Colombia during the years 2012-2018 ..............................................................................................405 Germán Alberto Moreno Gómez, Jennifer Nessim Salazar, Jairo Franco Londoño, Juan Carlos Medina Osorio. Hind limb long bone fractures in canines and felines...........................................419 María Camila Cruz Vélez, Valentina Herrera Morales, Alba Nydia Restrepo Jiménez, Lina Marcela Palomino, Gabriel Rodolfo Izquierdo Bravo. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children in the rural and urban area of Risaralda....................................................................................................439 Angela María Álvarez López, Angela Liceth Pérez Rendón, Alejandro Gómez Rodas, Luis Enrique Isaza Velásquez. Chapter 6. Architecture, Design and Advertising The artisan crafts of Risaralda, characteristics, importance, and risks within the Colombian Coffee Cultural Landscape, CCCL....................................457 Yaffa Nahir Ivette Gómez Barrera, Javier Alfonso López Morales

The Fourteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) has been in operation since July 2014. This paper describes the second data release from this phase, and the fourteenth from SDSS overall (making this, Data Release Fourteen or DR14). This release makes public data taken by SDSS-IV in its first two years of operation (July 2014-2016). Like all previous SDSS releases, DR14 is cumulative, including the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since the first phase began operations in 2000. New in DR14 is the first public release of data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS); the first data from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2), including stellar parameter estimates from an innovative data driven machine learning algorithm known as "The Cannon"; and almost twice as many data cubes from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey as were in the previous release (N = 2812 in total). This paper describes the location and format of the publicly available data from SDSS-IV surveys. We provide references to the important technical papers describing how these data have been taken (both targeting and observation details) and processed for scientific use. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has been updated for this release, and provides links to data downloads, as well as tutorials and examples of data use. SDSS-IV is planning to continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V.Comment: SDSS-IV collaboration alphabetical author data release paper. DR14 happened on 31st July 2017. 19 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by ApJS on 28th Nov 2017 (this is the "post-print" and "post-proofs" version; minor corrections only from v1, and most of errors found in proofs corrected