Desarrollo y competitividad turística: un destino urbano de México

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar algunas problemáticas que presenta el desarrollo y su relación con la competitividad turística. Además, se pone de relieve una dificultad crucial por enfrentar si se quiere dar solución a la baja competitividad turística internacional que muestran la mayoría de los centros vacacionales de México: el cambio de modelo turístico que indique la dirección que debe seguir esta actividad vinculada con los viajes. Se cuestiona la forma como en el país y en la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara (zmg) –el principal destino turístico urbano del estado de Jalisco– se encaran las condiciones de desarrollo y competitividad sin discutir ni evaluar las fórmulas que predican muchos académicos (y no académicos) y sin adaptar el paradigma de turismo imperante al mundo real y a las necesidades de las comunidades locales. El vínculo entre desarrollo socioeconómico y competitividad turística es una de las tesis que se defienden en este artículo

Desarrollo y competitividad turística: un destino urbano de México

In this chapter, problems related to development competitiveness and tourist activity are analyzed. The importance of facing the difficulties to solve the low competitiveness in the international setting of the Mexican destinations is emphasized. Expressly, changing is needed in the tourism model that might guide the activity of tourism in Mexico. The dealing of issues related to development and competitiveness conditions in Mexico is questioned here. There is neither debate nor evaluation in the formulas and prescriptions issued by most academics –and practitioners–. This applies to Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (zmg) the main urban tourist destination in the state of Jalisco. The existing recommendations are not adapted to the tourism paradigm in nowadays world and, still less, to the needs of local communities. Thesis of this work: the relationship socio-economic development and tourism competitiveness.El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar algunas problemáticas que presenta el desarrollo y su relación con la competitividad turística. Además, se pone de relieve una dificultad crucial por enfrentar si se quiere dar solución a la baja competitividad turística internacional que muestran la mayoría de los centros vacacionales de México: el cambio de modelo turístico que indique la dirección que debe seguir esta actividad vinculada con los viajes. Se cuestiona la forma como en el país y en la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara (zmg) –el principal destino turístico urbano del estado de Jalisco– se encaran las condiciones de desarrollo y competitividad sin discutir ni evaluar las fórmulas que predican muchos académicos (y no académicos) y sin adaptar el paradigma de turismo imperante al mundo real y a las necesidades de las comunidades locales. El vínculo entre desarrollo socioeconómico y competitividad turística es una de las tesis que se defienden en este artículo

Problems and challenges to determine the demand of tourism in Mexico

La tesis que se plantea en el presente trabajo es que las estadísticas turísticas que se difunden de manera oficial en México y particularmente en el estado de Jalisco, no tienen la objetividad ni veracidad que caracteriza al conocimiento científico, debido principalmente a la serie de errores, omisiones, inconsistencias y aún manipulaciones metodológicas que revelan los mecanismos de captación y procesamiento de información. La metodología consistió en la revisión de bibliografía especializada en el tema de la demanda turística, así como en la consulta de fuentes institucionales que publican estadísticas en este campo. Además, dicha información se complementó con algunas entrevistas a funcionarios públicos y representantes del sector hotelero. A modo de conclusión, se bosquejan cinco propuestas que buscan resolver o aminorar los problemas y desafíos expuestos. Uno, sensibilizar a las autoridades y a los empresarios del ramo. Dos, incentivar la participación conjunta con las instituciones de educación superior. Tres, profundizar en el análisis de los conceptos, apoyándose en la exigencia y la rigurosidad que demanda la ciencia. Cuatro, generar un indicador robusto, entre otros más, que muestre la proporción de turistas hospedados en establecimientos de categoría turística. Cinco, sustentar los métodos utilizados para la determinación de la demanda turística basado en los aportes que proporcionan las teorías sociales.The hypothesis proposed in this paper is that the tourism statistics that are officially published in Mexico, particularly in the state of Jalisco, lack both the objectivity and the credibility required so that they may be considered as scientific knowledge. This is due to a sequence of mistakes, omissions, inconsistencies and even methodological manipulations in data collection and information processing. The methodology used is based on an appraisal of the specialized bibliography in tourism demand, and a consultation of the official sources publishing statistics in this field. Moreover, this information has been complemented with interviews conducted with public officials and representatives from the hotel sector. By way of conclusion, five proposals that seek to lessen the problems and challenges found are presented. First, to sensitize authorities and entrepreneurs in the tourism industry; second, to incentivize joint participation with higher education institutions; third, to analyse in greater depth the concepts based on the requirements and rigor that science demands; fourth, to generate a robust indicator that shows the proportion of tourists staying in tourist category establishments and, finally, to support the methods used to determine tourism demand based on the contributions provided by social theories

Educación ambiental, participación comunitaria y desarrollo sustentable: los casos de los municipios de Juanacatlán y El Salto, Jalisco.

El grave deterioro ecológico y la pérdida de flora y fauna en los municipios de Juanacatlán y El Salto Jalisco, en particular por un río y una cascada muertos, debido fundamentalmente a las concentraciones de contaminantes que generan las empresas establecidas en el corredor industrial de esa región, ha dañado la salud de la población. Lo anterior refleja el casi nulo desarrollo sustentable en esa parte del estado de Jalisco. El presente trabajo estudia la participación comunitaria con base en la educación ambiental y la sustentabilidad. Es decir, a la sociedad se le piden dos cosas: a) que se involucre en acciones de conservación del medio ambiente y b) que exija a las empresas y autoridades correspondientes, el cumplimiento a la legislación vigente a fin de obtener respuestas concretas a favor de la naturaleza. El estudio utiliza el método exploratorio bajo el supuesto de que son relevantes las habilidades de comunicación entre las partes interesadas por el cambio social. Al respecto se plantea un modelo que contempla la información retroalimentadora entre ciudadanos libres sin ningún matiz partidista o religioso, que también busquen el bien común e influyan en el desarrollo comunitario sustentable

Removing lead from water with carboxylate dendrimers and magnetic nanoparticles modified with carboxylate dendrimers

Contamination of water with heavy metals as lead (Pb2+) is a relevant problematic issue. In this work, we have tested diferent types of dendritic materials for lead removal from water and further recovery. The systems employed are magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) modifed with monocarboxylate and dendritic carboxylate ligands, and they are compared to pristine MNP and carbosilane dendrimers. They are all efective at removing Pb2+, but the key variations are in their recyclability. The usage of a fltering membrane was required for dendrimers, which was signifcantly degraded by the acidic media. In terms of MNP, those that were covered by dendritic molecules were clearly less damaged in acidic media. Finally, isotherm analysis revealed that Pb2+ interacts diferently with unmodifed and modifed MNP.Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER¿BBN)Ministerio de Ciencia e InnovaciónComunidad de MadridUniversidad de Alcal

Paleoecología del yacimiento del Neógeno continental de Los Valles de Fuentidueña (Segovia)

Conclusiones: Los datos geológicos nos indican que las capas excavadas no son homogéneas en cuanto a su deposición, un decrecimiento de la energía del medio se observa de muro a techo, esto se refleja claramente en la tafocenosis cuyo grado de aloctonía disminuye de muro a techo. No parece existir una diferencia cualitativa entre la fauna del Nivel Y (alóctono) y del Nivel X (más autóctono), aunque dada la dificultad de extraer los fósiles de este último nivel, los datos siguientes tienen más fiabilidad para el nivel Y. El estudio de la comunidad fósil nos indica el predominio fuerte de algunas especies, pero su análisis de talla parece contradecir la existencia de factores limitantes en esta comunidad, lo que unido a la reconstrucción geológica del medio, puede indicarnos que el medio de transporte ha sido uno de los factores más selectivos en la acumulación de los fósiles de este yacimiento, sin olvidar, que posiblemente la mayor parte de los restos de los animales habían estado sometidos en un largo periodo a la intemperie después de su muerte; la no existencia de ningún resto en conexión anatómica es concluyente a tal respecto. Podría suponerse un tipo de clima estacional, con al menos dos estaciones contrastadas una seca y otra húmeda que ocasionaría arroyadas como la que ha conformado el yacimiento; dentro de este marco climático poseeríamos, en el entorno alrededor del yacimiento, un ecosistema con nichos ecológicos diferentes. Podemos suponer que la zona alrededor del yacimiento ocupa la transición entre relieve moderado y una llanura de tipo sabana; esta zona de tipo transicional, se caracterizaría por la existencia de charcas efímeras. Cercana a esta zona existirían áreas con aguas limpias más o menos permanentes (de escorrentía y surgencias cársticas) en cuyos alrededores se desarrollaría una vegetación densa, que es la que soporta a un gran número de especies poco abundantes en restos (exceptuando Aceratherium sp.). Es de suponer que la zona de llanura sustentaría las formas gregarias muy abundantes en restos, como es el caso de Hipparion.Peer reviewe

A Brucella melitensis H38¿wbkF rough mutant protects against Brucella ovis in rams

Brucella melitensis and Brucella ovis are gram-negative pathogens of sheep that cause severe economic losses and, although B. ovis is non-zoonotic, B. melitensis is the main cause of human brucellosis. B. melitensis carries a smooth (S) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with an N-formyl-perosamine O-polysaccharide (O-PS) that is absent in the rough LPS of B. ovis. Their control and eradication require vaccination, but B. melitensis Rev 1, the only vaccine available, triggers anti-O-PS antibodies that interfere in the S-brucellae serodiagnosis. Since eradication and serological surveillance of the zoonotic species are priorities, Rev 1 is banned once B. melitensis is eradicated or where it never existed, hampering B. ovis control and eradication. To develop a B. ovis specific vaccine, we investigated three Brucella live vaccine candidates lacking N-formyl-perosamine O-PS: Bov::CAΔwadB (CO2-independent B. ovis with truncated LPS core oligosaccharide); Rev1::wbdRΔwbkC (carrying N-acetylated O-PS); and H38ΔwbkF (B. melitensis rough mutant with intact LPS core). After confirming their attenuation and protection against B. ovis in mice, were tested in rams for efficacy. H38ΔwbkF yielded similar protection to Rev 1 against B. ovis but Bov::CAΔwadB and Rev1::wbdRΔwbkC conferred no or poor protection, respectively. All H38ΔwbkF vaccinated rams developed a protracted antibody response in ELISA and immunoprecipitation B. ovis diagnostic tests. In contrast, all remained negative in Rose Bengal and complement fixation tests used routinely for B. melitensis diagnosis, though some became positive in S-LPS ELISA owing to LPS core epitope reactivity. Thus, H38ΔwbkF is an interesting candidate for the immunoprophylaxis of B. ovis in B. melitensis-free areas

A Brucella melitensis H38ΔwbkF rough mutant protects against Brucella ovis in rams

Brucella melitensis and Brucella ovis are gram-negative pathogens of sheep that cause severe economic losses and, although B. ovis is non-zoonotic, B. melitensis is the main cause of human brucellosis. B. melitensis carries a smooth (S) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with an N-formyl-perosamine O-polysaccharide (O-PS) that is absent in the rough LPS of B. ovis. Their control and eradication require vaccination, but B. melitensis Rev 1, the only vaccine available, triggers anti-O-PS antibodies that interfere in the S-brucellae serodiagnosis. Since eradication and serological surveillance of the zoonotic species are priorities, Rev 1 is banned once B. melitensis is eradicated or where it never existed, hampering B. ovis control and eradication. To develop a B. ovis specific vaccine, we investigated three Brucella live vaccine candidates lacking N-formyl-perosamine O-PS: Bov::CAΔwadB (CO2-independent B. ovis with truncated LPS core oligosaccharide); Rev1::wbdRΔwbkC (carrying N-acetylated O-PS); and H38ΔwbkF (B. melitensis rough mutant with intact LPS core). After confirming their attenuation and protection against B. ovis in mice, were tested in rams for efficacy. H38ΔwbkF yielded similar protection to Rev 1 against B. ovis but Bov::CAΔwadB and Rev1::wbdRΔwbkC conferred no or poor protection, respectively. All H38ΔwbkF vaccinated rams developed a protracted antibody response in ELISA and immunoprecipitation B. ovis diagnostic tests. In contrast, all remained negative in Rose Bengal and complement fixation tests used routinely for B. melitensis diagnosis, though some became positive in S-LPS ELISA owing to LPS core epitope reactivity. Thus, H38ΔwbkF is an interesting candidate for the immunoprophylaxis of B. ovis in B. melitensis-free areas.Publishe

Effect of viral storm in patients admitted to intensive care units with severe COVID-19 in Spain: a multicentre, prospective, cohort study

Background: The contribution of the virus to the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 is still unclear. We aimed to evaluate associations between viral RNA load in plasma and host response, complications, and deaths in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Methods: We did a prospective cohort study across 23 hospitals in Spain. We included patients aged 18 years or older with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who were admitted to an intensive care unit between March 16, 2020, and Feb 27, 2021. RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid region 1 (N1) was quantified in plasma samples collected from patients in the first 48 h following admission, using digital PCR. Patients were grouped on the basis of N1 quantity: VIR-N1-Zero ([removed]2747 N1 copies per mL). The primary outcome was all-cause death within 90 days after admission. We evaluated odds ratios (ORs) for the primary outcome between groups using a logistic regression analysis. Findings: 1068 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 117 had insufficient plasma samples and 115 had key information missing. 836 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 403 (48%) were in the VIR-N1-Low group, 283 (34%) were in the VIR-N1-Storm group, and 150 (18%) were in the VIR-N1-Zero group. Overall, patients in the VIR-N1-Storm group had the most severe disease: 266 (94%) of 283 patients received invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), 116 (41%) developed acute kidney injury, 180 (65%) had secondary infections, and 148 (52%) died within 90 days. Patients in the VIR-N1-Zero group had the least severe disease: 81 (54%) of 150 received IMV, 34 (23%) developed acute kidney injury, 47 (32%) had secondary infections, and 26 (17%) died within 90 days (OR for death 0·30, 95% CI 0·16–0·55; p<0·0001, compared with the VIR-N1-Storm group). 106 (26%) of 403 patients in the VIR-N1-Low group died within 90 days (OR for death 0·39, 95% CI 0·26–0·57; p[removed]11 página

Effectiveness of an intervention for improving drug prescription in primary care patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy:Study protocol of a cluster randomized clinical trial (Multi-PAP project)

This study was funded by the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias ISCIII (Grant Numbers PI15/00276, PI15/00572, PI15/00996), REDISSEC (Project Numbers RD12/0001/0012, RD16/0001/0005), and the European Regional Development Fund ("A way to build Europe").Background: Multimorbidity is associated with negative effects both on people's health and on healthcare systems. A key problem linked to multimorbidity is polypharmacy, which in turn is associated with increased risk of partly preventable adverse effects, including mortality. The Ariadne principles describe a model of care based on a thorough assessment of diseases, treatments (and potential interactions), clinical status, context and preferences of patients with multimorbidity, with the aim of prioritizing and sharing realistic treatment goals that guide an individualized management. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a complex intervention that implements the Ariadne principles in a population of young-old patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy. The intervention seeks to improve the appropriateness of prescribing in primary care (PC), as measured by the medication appropriateness index (MAI) score at 6 and 12months, as compared with usual care. Methods/Design: Design:pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial. Unit of randomization: family physician (FP). Unit of analysis: patient. Scope: PC health centres in three autonomous communities: Aragon, Madrid, and Andalusia (Spain). Population: patients aged 65-74years with multimorbidity (≥3 chronic diseases) and polypharmacy (≥5 drugs prescribed in ≥3months). Sample size: n=400 (200 per study arm). Intervention: complex intervention based on the implementation of the Ariadne principles with two components: (1) FP training and (2) FP-patient interview. Outcomes: MAI score, health services use, quality of life (Euroqol 5D-5L), pharmacotherapy and adherence to treatment (Morisky-Green, Haynes-Sackett), and clinical and socio-demographic variables. Statistical analysis: primary outcome is the difference in MAI score between T0 and T1 and corresponding 95% confidence interval. Adjustment for confounding factors will be performed by multilevel analysis. All analyses will be carried out in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: It is essential to provide evidence concerning interventions on PC patients with polypharmacy and multimorbidity, conducted in the context of routine clinical practice, and involving young-old patients with significant potential for preventing negative health outcomes. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02866799Publisher PDFPeer reviewe