Respostas fisiológicas de frangos de corte industriais criados sob condições ambientais em Rio Branco – Acre

Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as respostas fisiológicas de frangos de corte industriais e caracterizar as condições climáticas do ambiente interno de criação das aves em Rio Branco - Acre. Utilizou-se 280 aves de linhagens comercial (Cobb e Ross), distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, em que na parcela as linhagens foram consideradas como tratamentos primários e os períodos de coleta tratamento secundário, com 7 repetições e 10 aves por boxe. As variáveis ambientais analisadas foram: temperatura (ºC), umidade relativa (UR) e Índice de Temperatura de Globo Negro e Umidade (ITGU). Os parâmetros avaliados nas aves foram: Temperatura Média Corporal (TMC), Frequência Respiratória (FR) e Temperatura Cloacal (TCL). Os resultados demonstraram ocorrência de estresse por frio nas primeiras 3 semanas de vida das aves, diminuindo ao longo das semanas, sendo que a partir da quarta semana, o estresse por calor foi predominante, chegando a alcançar cerca de 70,4% do tempo de exposição, considerando a temperatura (ºC) a UR e o ITGU, houve efeito do período para todas as variáveis estudadas. Não foi observada implicação das linhagens para nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados, exceto para a TMC entre machos das linhagens estudadas aos 8 dias de idade e de FR aos 43 dias de idade. As médias elevadas de TMC e FR indicaram desconforto das aves, já a TCL se manteve constante. Constatou-se que as variáveis climáticas se apresentaram fora da faixa de conforto térmico para frangos de corte, porém as aves conseguiram ajustar-se fisiologicamente, mantendo sua homeotermia

Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano em Comunidades Rurais no Sudoeste da Amazônia

Equitable and safe access to safe drinking water is essential to achieving sustainable development goals. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the quality of water from domestic wells, through physical-chemical and microbiological parameters, in four rural communities in the southwest of the Amazon. A total of 24 water samples were collected in the dry and rainy periods, and the parameters analyzed were temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity, alkalinity, orthophosphate, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, total nitrogen, tolerant coliforms and coliforms totals. The water temperature was higher in the rainy season in all communities studied. Electrical conductivity ranged from 10 to 93 μS cm-1, alkalinity from 6.41 to 27.3 mg L-1 and total nitrogen from 1.2 to 7.57 mg L-1. The pH in Paraíso Grande and Paraísinho complies with the Resolution of the Ministry of Health, but the apparent color exceeded the limit allowed in these same communities. Total dissolved solids, nitrite and nitrate are below the Ministry of Health's tolerance level, while the average value of 2.90 mg L-1 of ammonia is above what is allowed in the Paraíso Grande community. The presence of total coliforms was detected in at least one period in the Paraíso Grande, Cristolândia and Paraísinho communities, and only in the latter was Escherichia coli detected.Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade da água de poços domésticos, por meio de parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos, em quatro comunidades rurais do sudoeste da Amazônia. Foram coletadas um total de 24 amostras de água nos períodos seco e chuvoso, e analisados os parâmetros temperatura, pH, sólidos totais dissolvidos, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica, alcalinidade, ortofosfato, amônia, nitrito, nitrato, nitrogênio total, coliformes tolerantes e coliformes totais. A temperatura da água foi maior no período chuvoso em todas as comunidades estudadas. A condutividade elétrica oscilou entre 10 a 93 μS cm-1, a alcalinidade entre 6,41 a 27,3 mg L-1 e o nitrogênio total entre 1,2 a 7,57 mg L-1. O pH nas comunidades Paraíso Grande e Paraísinho estão em conformidade com a Resolução do Ministério da Saúde, mas a cor aparente excedeu o limite permitido nessas mesmas comunidades. Os sólidos totais dissolvidos, nitrito e nitrato estão abaixo do nível de tolerância do Ministério da Saúde, enquanto o valor médio de 2,90 mg L-1 de amônia está acima do permitido na comunidade Paraíso Grande. A presença de coliformes totais foi detectada em pelo menos um período nas comunidades Paraíso Grande, Cristolândia e Paraísinho, e apenas nesta última detectou-se Escherichia coli

Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests.

Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such "monodominant" forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors

COVID-19 outcomes in people living with HIV: Peering through the waves

Objective: To evaluate clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients infected with HIV, and to compare with a paired sample without HIV infection. Methods: This is a substudy of a Brazilian multicentric cohort that comprised two periods (2020 and 2021). Data was obtained through the retrospective review of medical records. Primary outcomes were admission to the intensive care unit, invasive mechanical ventilation, and death. Patients with HIV and controls were matched for age, sex, number of comorbidities, and hospital of origin using the technique of propensity score matching (up to 4:1). They were compared using the Chi-Square or Fisher's Exact tests for categorical variables and the Wilcoxon for numerical variables. Results: Throughout the study, 17,101 COVID-19 patients were hospitalized, and 130 (0.76%) of those were infected with HIV. The median age was 54 (IQR: 43.0;64.0) years in 2020 and 53 (IQR: 46.0;63.5) years in 2021, with a predominance of females in both periods. People Living with HIV (PLHIV) and their controls showed similar prevalence for admission to the ICU and invasive mechanical ventilation requirement in the two periods, with no significant differences. In 2020, in-hospital mortality was higher in the PLHIV compared to the controls (27.9% vs. 17.7%; p = 0.049), but there was no difference in mortality between groups in 2021 (25.0% vs. 25.1%; p > 0.999). Conclusions: Our results reiterate that PLHIV were at higher risk of COVID-19 mortality in the early stages of the pandemic, however, this finding did not sustain in 2021, when the mortality rate is similar to the control group

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species

Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict thatmost of the world’s >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions