PRODUCCIÓN BRASILEÑA Y COLOMBIANAS EN LAS ACTAS DEL CIHELA

Abstract: In this article, the productions of historical knowledge presented throughout three decades of the Congresses on the History of Education of the Ibero-American Congress on the History of Education - CIHELA are taken as central sources. The publications have different characteristics and some peculiarities in the minutes, books or notebooks of minutes. The objective was to analyze the categories that prevail in Brazilian and Colombian research. As already announced, we highlight issues related to school institutions, educational practices, teacher training, education, work, childhood, and the organization of the educational system itself and its numerous reforms. Among the many reflections and challenges, we reaffirm the need for the minutes of the CIHELA Congresses to be available online from their first editions, as well as the history of these events on a web page that can be consulted at any time. Keywords: CIHELA; Education History; Latin America, Colombia, Brazil.Resumem: En este artículo se toman como fuentes centrales las producciones de conocimiento histórico presentadas a lo largo de tres décadas de los Congresos de Historia de la Educación del Congreso Iberoamericano de Historia de la Educación - CIHELA. Las publicaciones tienen diferentes características y algunas peculiaridades en sus actas de resumen, libros o cuadernos de resúmenes. El objetivo fue analizar las categorías que prevalecen en la investigación brasileña y colombiana. Destacamos las categorías que más fueron discutidas, con predominio de los siguientes temas: instituciones escolares, prácticas educativas, formación docente, educación y trabajo, infancia y la organización de los sistemas educativos y sus numerosas reformas, tanto en Colombia como en Brasil. Entre las muchas reflexiones y desafíos para el encuentro con estas fuentes, reafirmamos la necesidad de que las actas de los Congresos CIHELA estén disponibles en línea desde sus primeras ediciones, para una efectiva publicidad de las investigaciones presentadas, así como la historia de estos eventos en una página web. que se puede consultar en cualquier momento. Palabras clave: CIHELA; Historia de la Educación; América Latina, Colombia, Brasil.Resumo: Neste artigo, são tomadas como fontes centrais as produções de conhecimento histórico apresentadas ao longo de três décadas dos Congressos de História da Educação do Congresso Ibero-Americano de História da Educação - CIHELA. As publicações possuem características diferenciadas e algumas peculiaridades em suas atas de resumos, livros ou cadernos de resumos. O objetivo foi analisar as categorias que prevalecem nas pesquisas brasileiras e colombianas. Destacamos as categorias que foram mais abordadas, prevalecendo as temáticas: instituições escolares, práticas educativas, formação de professores, educação e trabalho, infância e organização de sistemas educacionais e suas inúmeras reformas, tanto na Colômbia quanto no Brasil. Entre as muitas reflexões e desafios para o encontro com essas fontes, reafirmamos a necessidade de que as atas dos Congressos da CIHELA estejam disponíveis online desde suas primeiras edições, para efetiva publicitação das pesquisas apresentadas, bem como o histórico desses eventos em uma página web que possa ser consultada a qualquer momento. Palavras-chave: CIHELA; História da Educação; América Latina, Colômbia, Brasil

Sistema Simplificado de Controle de Estoque – SISCE / Simplified Inventory Control System - SISCE

A gestão e o controle de estoque são assuntos importantes e relevantes para as empresas, porque possibilitam maximização o uso dos recursos para conseguir maior lucro mantendo os níveis de satisfação dos clientes. As modernas tecnologias de informações ajudam as empresas na boa gestão do controle de estoque. Isso significa que, seja possível para as empresas, por meio de um software, mensurar com mais exatidão a quantidade de material que deve ser adquirido e também o período mais adequado para aquisição, atendendo a demanda corrente e também demandas pontuais e imprevistas. Apesar da importância do controle de estoque, as publicações acadêmicas são realizadas, algumas vezes, usando planilhas eletrônicas e/ou folhas de papeis planilhadas, limitando o conhecimento do valor que poderia ser ganho com uma boa gestão de controle de estoque. A proposta desse artigo é apresentar o software de controle de estoque para comunidade acadêmica aqui chamado  de ‘Sistema Simplificado de Controle de Estoque – SISCE’. O software ‘SISCE’ consegue simular, em um prazo mais curto, o que for necessário ao atendimento das demandas, consolidando assim reduções necessárias e ganhos financeiros, resultado em um melhor controle dos recursos materiais

ESCALA DE COMPETÊNCIAS GERENCIAIS NA ÁREA DA SAÚDE

Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo geral descrever o processo de construção de uma escala para  análise das competências profissionais de gestores da área da saúde. Na etapa exploratória foi realizado um painel de especialistas. Na segunda etapa, cento e dois gestores responderam ao questionário. Para depuração da base, foi realizada a análise descritiva e multivariada dos dados. Adicionalmente, foi realizada a análise da dimensionalidade, confiabilidade e validade da escala, resultando em uma escala com 20 competências técnicas, distribuídas em cinco eixos temáticos: economia e demografia; política, planejamento e avaliação em saúde; gestão do trabalho e educação em saúde; administração e contabilidade; e metodologias estruturantes. As competências comportamentais mapeadas totalizaram 16 e foram distribuídas nos eixos: idealista/perfeccionista, artesão/negociador, prestativo/guardião, motivador/racional.

HEALTH PROMOTION THROUGH BREATHING TECHNIQUES AND RELAXATION: A POSSIBILITY IN NURSE’S PRACTICE

Objetivo: verificar a possibilidade da utilização de técnicas de respiração, de relaxamento e de movimentos corporais, como o Qigong, baseados na observação da natureza para prevenir, curar doenças e promover saúde. Esse é um exercício respiratório que visa influenciar a circulação da energia vital através do controle da respiração, da mente e do corpo utilizado há milênios pelos antigos chineses. Método: trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica por meio de busca virtual realizada na Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde. Resultados: foram selecionados duzentos e quarenta e quatro artigos para serem analisados, conforme critérios de inclusão. Conclusão: a utilização de tal prática para o enfermeiro aponta para a qualidade na assistência, com abordagem holística, através da inovação na aplicação de estratégias, possibilitando o equilíbrio da energia vital, o fortalecimento do corpo e da mente, além de promover o desenvolvimento do auto cuidado. Descritores: Enfermagem holística - tendências; Promoção da saúde; Exercícios Respiratórios

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic

estudos artísticos

Como é característica fundadora do projeto CSO – criadores sobre outras obras – os artistas são aqui convidados a comunicar o seu conhecimento sobre outros artistas, dentro de um descentramento que toma os idiomas ibéricos como uma plataforma territorial de emergência, e de resistência, também. É uma área cultural periférica, alternativa, que se afirma em crescente grandeza. Dentro deste dispositivo comunicativo, a revista Croma delimita mais ainda o seu tema, nos artistas que de algum modo fazem incorporar a implicação social, a interação e a criação e formação de novos públicos como um dos componentes estruturantes da sua obra. Surgem na Croma obras intervenientes, que provocam, e que convocam, que estabelecem pontes, ou que as ameaçam. São obras em que a componente relacional (N. Bourriaud) ou formativa e integradora (P. Freire) assumem uma atualidade constante e renovada. Os artigos reunidos neste quinto número da Revista Croma propõem, no seu conjunto uma intenção de proximidade, de confronto com realidades, de inconformismo, de procura e de questionamento identitário. Dos seus múltiplos países e das suas diversificadas abordagens a variadas técnicas, os vinte e cinco artigos aqui apresentados complementam o poder do desassossego e da inquietação poética: os artistas falam connosco, através de outros artistas, que os souberam ver e ouvir.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD 2019 incorporates data from 281 586 sources and provides more than 3.5 billion estimates of health outcome and health system measures of interest for global, national, and subnational policy dialogue. All GBD estimates are publicly available and adhere to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent Health Estimate Reporting. From this vast amount of information, five key insights that are important for health, social, and economic development strategies have been distilled. These insights are subject to the many limitations outlined in each of the component GBD capstone papers.Peer reviewe

Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk–outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk–outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk–outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk–outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. Findings: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7–9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4–9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7–6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8–6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8–6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0–4 years and 5–14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9–27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5–28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3–56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9–21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3–12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6–1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1–1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4–78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2–72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. METHODS: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. FINDINGS: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. INTERPRETATION: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation